Neuroanatomy: Higher Functions Block Ii (Exam Iv)

Front 1

Name for the motor area of language (Expressive)

Back 1

Broca's Area

Front 2

Name for the Sensory area of language (Receptive)

Back 2

Wernicke's Area

Front 3

Spoken words are first processed through which area in the brain?

Back 3

Primary Auditory Cortex

Front 4

Braille is first processed through which area in the brain?

Back 4

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

Front 5

Written language is first processed through which area in the brain?

Back 5

Primary Visual Cortex

Front 6

Which kind of aphasia has nonfluent, effortful speech with comprehension for single words and simple sentences?

Back 6

Broca's Aphasia

Front 7

Which kind of aphasia has fluent, well articulated speech with impaired comprehension?

Back 7

Wernicke's Aphasia

Front 8

Which kind of aphasia has fluent speech with some articulatory defects but preserved comprehension?

Back 8

Conduction Aphasia

Front 9

Which kind of aphasia has scant, non-fluent speech with impaired comprehension?

Back 9

Global Aphasia

Front 10

Where is the typical lesion for issues with speech?

Back 10

Middle Cerebral Artery Infarct

Front 11

Which lesion would give pure alexia without agraphia?

Back 11

Lesion in the left occipital lobe and the spenium of the corpus callosum.

Front 12

This lesion divides the pathway between visual association area and anterior part of Wernicke's Area:

Back 12

Lesion of the dominant angular gyrus:

Front 13

Which lesion would give the patient alexia and agraphia?

Back 13

Lesion of the dominant angular gyrus.

Front 14

Which hemisphere plays a role in the stress, timing, and intonation of language as well as its use in social context?

Back 14

Right Hemisphere

Front 15

Damage to which side of the brain would cause aprosodia (monotone) and the inability to understand jokes?

Back 15

Right Hemisphere

Front 16

This defect in muscial ability can occur because of damage to the posterior part if the right superior temporal gyrus:

Back 16

Amusia

Front 17

Amusia occcurs as a resut of damage to which area of the brain?

Back 17

Posterior part of the right (or non-dominant) superior temporal gyrus.

Front 18

This part of the brain assembles complex multimodal percepts of our immediate extrapersonal space:

Back 18

Superior Parietal Lobule

Front 19

Damage to this part of the brain causes sensory neglect and spatial neglect- may cause personal neglect syndrome or constructional apraxia:

Back 19

Superior Parietal Lobule

Front 20

Damage to areas within the occipital and/or temporal lobe can cause this kind of deficit:

Back 20

Visual Agnosias

Front 21

This part of the brain is responsible for higher order thought processes, personality, planning and behavior:

Back 21

Frontal Lobe

Front 22

Damage to this portion of the brain can cause flattened affect and loss of social inhibition:

Back 22

Frontal Lobe

Front 23

Responsible for state of wakefullness:

Back 23

Brainstem Reticular Formation

Front 24

Responsible for the state of awareness:

Back 24

Cerebral Cortex

Front 25

Measurement of the summed electrical activity of large populations of cortical neurons:

Back 25

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Front 26

EEG reflects the summated activity of synaptic potentials in the _______ of cortical neurons.

Back 26

Dendrites

Front 27

What are the two modes of firing of the thalamic neurons?

Back 27

1) Burst Mode
2) Transmission Mode

Front 28

___________ induce sleep because they are GABAergic agonists.

Back 28

Benzodiazepines

Front 29

The thalamus is kept in the transmission mode by the action of cholinergic inputs from ____ _____.

Back 29

Rostral Pons

Front 30

This type of wave is seen in the alert state of arousal:

Back 30

Beta

Front 31

This type of wave is seen in the quiet waking state:

Back 31

Alpha Waves

Front 32

This type of wave is seen in the drowsy state, sleep stages 1 &2:

Back 32

Theta Waves

Front 33

This type of wave is seen in the deep sleep state, stages 3 & 4:

Back 33

Delta Waves

Front 34

This stage of sleep is characterized by sleep spindles and K-complexes within the low voltage EEG background activity:

Back 34

Stage 2

Front 35

This stage of sleep is characterized by low-voltage activity and slow rolling eye movements:

Back 35

Stage 1

Front 36

These stages of sleep are characterized by high amplitude EEG activity:

Back 36

Stages 3 & 4

Front 37

This stage of sleep is referred to as active sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements:

Back 37

REM

Front 38

In this phase of sleep the regulation of body temperature is lost and there is global supression of synpathetic activity (miosis):

Back 38

REM

Front 39

These spikes occur during REM and are correlated with bursts of eye movement:

Back 39

PGO Spikes (ponto-geniculo-occipital spikes)

Front 40

Where are the PGO on cells located?

Back 40

in the Nucleus Reticularis Pontic Oralis (RPO)

Front 41

How are the RPO cells regulated?

Back 41

By the serotonergic REM off cells in the raphe.

Front 42

Which area of the brain is responsible for the internal clock? Where does it project?

Back 42

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, projects to the pontine tegmentum

Front 43

Is an antagonist of adenosine receptors:

Back 43

Caffeine

Front 44

This neurotransmitter is sleep-promoting and inhibits regions of the brain more active in the awake brain:

Back 44

Adenosine

Front 45

This type of seizure originates in a small group of neurons and can be simple or complex:

Back 45

Partial Seizure

Front 46

This type of seizure has no preceeding aura and can be divided into convulsive and non-convulsive types:

Back 46

Generalized Seizures

Front 47

Non-convulsive seizures generally found in children:

Back 47

Absence Seizures

Front 48

Type of seizure involving brief jerking movement, usually on both sides of the body

Back 48

Myoclonic Seizures

Front 49

This type of long term memory includes facts and events:

Back 49

Declarative Memory

Front 50

This type of memory is stored in the medial temporal lobe:

Back 50

Declarative (Explicit) Memory

Front 51

Memory related to emotional responses is stored where?

Back 51

Amygdala

Front 52

Implicit memory involving skeletal muscle is stored where?

Back 52

Cerebellum

Front 53

Implicit memory involving procedural skills and habits is stored where?

Back 53

Striatum

Front 54

Memory loss for events prior to a trauma:

Back 54

Retrograde Amnesia

Front 55

Inability to form new memories following brain trauma:

Back 55

Anterograde Amnesia

Front 56

Amnesia involving a much shorter period of time:

Back 56

Transient Global Amnesia

Front 57

What are the three layers of the hippocampal cortex?

Back 57

1) Molecular
2) Pyramidal
3) Polymorphic

Front 58

These cells are affected in a variety of conditions that lead to loss of memory and intellectual functions, including alzheimer's:

Back 58

Hippocampal Pyramidal Cells

Front 59

A lesion to any of the major components of the hippocampal formation can have a significant effect on _____ _______.

Back 59

Memory Storage

Front 60

On a cellular level, Long Term Potentiation involves activation of _______ receptors and influx of _____ is crtitical:

Back 60

NMDA, Calcium

Front 61

The ___________ has a propensity for initiating epileptic seizures directly related to the ease of synaptic excitation:

Back 61

Hippocampus

Front 62

Loss of abiltity to remember recent events caused by bilateral lesions in the mammillary bodies and MD nucleus of the thalamus:

Back 62

Korsakoff's Syndrome

Front 63

This inability to remember recent events is attributed to prolonged thiamine deficiency:

Back 63

Korsakoff's Syndrome

Front 64

Korsakoff's Syndrome is related to bilateral lesions where?

Back 64

In the mamillary bodies and MD nucleus of the thalamus.

Front 65

Patients with diseases that attack the ______ _______ have difficulty learning a stimulus-response habit. Diseases?

Back 65

Basal Ganglia. Parkinson's, Huntington's Diseases

Front 66

Which part of the brain functions in working memory?

Back 66

Hippocampus

Front 67

Which test brings out the problems associated with prefrontal damage?

Back 67

Wisconsin Card-Sorting Task

Front 68

Secretion of ______ is the first step in the process that leads to neurofibrillary tangle formation and dementia.

Back 68

amyloid

Front 69

One of the major pathways of the limbic system and is chiefly involved in the cortical control of emotion and plays a role in storing memory

Back 69

Circuit of Papez

Front 70

The part of the limbic system most specifically involved with emotional experience

Back 70

Amygdala

Front 71

The part of the amygdala that receives visual, auditory, gustatory & tactile afferents

Back 71

Basolateral nuclei

Front 72

The part of the amygdala that receives olfactory afferents:

Back 72

Corticomedial Nuclei

Front 73

The part of the amygdala that acts as the output:

Back 73

Central Nucleus

Front 74

This part of the brain mediates unconscious emotional state and conscious feeling

Back 74

Amygdala

Front 75

What are the two pathways in which the amygdala mediates conscious feeling:

Back 75

Projections to
1) Cingulate Gyrus
2) Prefrontal Cortex

Front 76

This syndrome is caused by bilateral destruction of the amygdala and inferior temporal cortex:

Back 76

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

Front 77

This syndrome is characterized by hyper-oral tendencies, hypersexuality, placidity, visual agnosia, and declarative memory problems:

Back 77

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

Front 78

Drugs stimulate _______ release in the nucleus accumbens.

Back 78

Dopamine

Front 79

Drug addiction is linked to the release of dopamine in the _______ ________.

Back 79

Nucleus Accumbens

Front 80

This kind of pain results from direct activation of skin or soft tissue in response to tissue injury and usually arise from accompanying inflammation:

Back 80

Nociceptive pain

Front 81

This kind of pain results from direct injury to nerves (PNS) or neural tissue (CNS) and often have a burning or electric sensation:

Back 81

Neuropathic Pains

Front 82

Pain due to a stimulus which does not normally provoke pain:

Back 82

Allodynia

Front 83

Loss of sensitivity to pain:

Back 83

Analgesia

Front 84

Syndrome of sustained burning pain after traumatic nerve lesion:

Back 84

Causalgia

Front 85

Pain associated with a lesion of the CNS

Back 85

Central Pain

Front 86

Increased response to a stimulus which is normally painful:

Back 86

Hyperalgesia

Front 87

Pain in the distribution of a nerve(s)

Back 87

Neuralgia