Neuroanatomy Final Ii

Front 1

What are the functions of the spinal cord?

Back 1

sensory and motor output for the neck, trunk, limbs and tail
**Sensory (afferent) = dorsal root
Motor (efferent) commands sent to skeletal muscle

Front 2

What is a reflex?

Back 2

responding quickly to environment with out voluntary control
**interneurons recieve and intergrate the afferent information to adjust local muscle and glandular activity to adapt to sensory environment

Front 3

What is the transmission of ascending pathways?

Back 3

carry info to brain from spinal cord segments supplying the neck, trunk, limbs and tail

Front 4

What is the transmission of descending pathways?

Back 4

carry commands from the brain to regulate posture, voluntary movement and visceral aspects of behavior

Front 5

What are the spinal cord segments?

Back 5

C 1-8
T 1-13
L 1-7
S 1-3
Cd 1-5
36 pairs of nerve rootlets

Front 6

In the Spinal Cord what consists of grey matter?

Back 6

Dorsal Horn
Ventral Horn
Lateral Horn
Intermediate zone

Front 7

What does the dorsal horn of the spinal cord do?

Back 7

receives, process and relay afferent info

Front 8

What does the ventral horn of the spinal cord do?

Back 8

contains motor neurons that send their axons through the ventral root to innervate muscle fibers

Front 9

What does the Lateral horn of the spinal cord do?

Back 9

Spinal segments T1-L3/4
contains cell bodies of the preganglionic sympathetic neurons

Front 10

What does the intermediate zone of the spinal cord do?

Back 10

network of interneurons for reflex, antigravity, support, balance, voluntary movement

Front 11

In the spinal cord what consists of white matter?

Back 11

dorsal, lateral and ventral funiculi

collections of myelinated and unmyelinated axons

Front 12

What is the dorsal funiculus responsible for?

Back 12

position and movement of limbs in space (proprioception)

Front 13

What is the ventral funiculus responsible for?

Back 13

Both ascending and descending pathways

Front 14

What is the lateral funiculus responsible for?

Back 14

Both ascending and descending pathways

Front 15

What are the spinal cord regions

Back 15

Cranial cervical C1 - C5
Cervicothoracic C6 - T2
Thoracolumbar T3 - L3
Lumbosacral L4 - S2
Sacral S1 - S3
Caudal Cd 1 - 5

Front 16

What does the cranial cervical region of the spinal cord innervate?

Back 16

C1- C5
innervation to axial muscles and skin of cervical region

Front 17

What does the cranial cervical region of the spinal cord innervate?

Back 17

C1- C5
innervation to axial muscles and skin of cervical region

Front 18

What does the cervicothoracic region of the spinal cord innervate?

Back 18

C6 - T2
innervation of regional axial muscles, skin, thoracic limb muscles and preganglionic sympathetic innervation to the eye (T1 - T3)

Front 19

What does the cervicothoracic region of the spinal cord innervate?

Back 19

C6 - T2
innervation of regional axial muscles, skin, thoracic limb muscles and preganglionic sympathetic innervation to the eye (T1 - T3)

Front 20

What does the thoracocolumnar region of the spinal cord innervate?

Back 20

T3 - L3
innervation of regional muscles and skin, has preganglionic sympathetic neurons

Front 21

What does the thoracocolumnar region of the spinal cord innervate?

Back 21

T3 - L3
innervation of regional muscles and skin, has preganglionic sympathetic neurons

Front 22

What does the lumbosacral region of the spinal cord innervate?

Back 22

L4 - S2
innervation of regional axial muscles, skin, and skin of the pelvic limb (pelvic plexus)
Partial supply to the bladder and perineum

Front 23

What does the lumbosacral region of the spinal cord innervate?

Back 23

L4 - S2
innervation of regional axial muscles, skin, and skin of the pelvic limb (pelvic plexus)
Partial supply to the bladder and perineum

Front 24

What does the sacral region of the spinal cord innervate?

Back 24

S1 - S3
innervation of the perineum, external anal sphincter and parasympathetic preganglionic innervation to the viscera of the pelvis and urinary bladder
S1 - S2 = sciatic nerve fiber

Front 25

What does the sacral region of the spinal cord innervate?

Back 25

S1 - S3
innervation of the perineum, external anal sphincter and parasympathetic preganglionic innervation to the viscera of the pelvis and urinary bladder
S1 - S2 = sciatic nerve fiber

Front 26

What does the caudal region of the spinal cord innervate?

Back 26

Cd 1 - 5
innervates the muscles and skin of the tail

Front 27

What is pain?

Back 27

cortical perception of noxious stimulus as painful
* RR and HR increase due to pain does not equal cortical involvement

Front 28

What is pathological pain?

Back 28

Pain associated with significant tissue inflammation and nerve injury

Front 29

What is physiological pain?

Back 29

pain after noxious stimulus, defense mechanism, rarely present with out pathological pain

Front 30

What is Acute pain?

Back 30

arises from trauma or inflammation

Front 31

What is primary hyperalgesia?

Back 31

part of acute pain in the injured area

Front 32

What is secondary hyperalgesia?

Back 32

part of acute pain in surrounding tissue

Front 33

What is chronic pain?

Back 33

pain that persists beyond expected time frame

Front 34

What is hypoalgesia?

Back 34

decreased perception of pain

Front 35

What is analgesia?

Back 35

absence of pain perception

Front 36

What is anesthesia?

Back 36

absence of all sensory perception

Front 37

What are the 2 main types of nocioception fibers?

Back 37

A (delta)- sharpe, prickling pain (myelinated)
C fibers - burning or throbbing pain (unmeylinated)

Front 38

What is nociception?

Back 38

detection of noxious stimuli through the activation of nociceptors

Front 39

What is the spinocervicothalamic tract?

Back 39

transmits superficial pain and tactile sensation
can discriminate by precisely determining location of stimulus

Front 40

What is the Spinoretecular tract?

Back 40

transmits deep pain and visceral sensation
indiscriminate because animal experiencing pain but not specific location

Front 41

What is Substance P?

Back 41

a NT associated with nociceptive pathways
causes dilation of blood vessels, degranulation of mast cells
associated with inflammation and increased sensation of local nocicptors
contributes to development of hyperalgesia and allodynia

Front 42

What is Allodynia

Back 42

non noxious stimuli that stimulated activates nocioceptors

Front 43

What is wind up?

Back 43

Spinal fasciculation of pain

involves wide dynamic range receptors (responding to noxious and non noxious stimuli)
Continuous firing of afferents (seen in chronic pain)

Front 44

What is the gate control theory?

Back 44

non noxious tactile stimulation to decrease the perception of pain

Front 45

What is Pruritis?

Back 45

itch
provoked by pressure, thermal, electric and chemical stimuli
uses same pathway as pain but differentiated level of spin or suprasegmental structures

Front 46

What is the path for superficial pain?

Back 46

Spinothalamic tract
Dorsal root-dorsal horn-lateral cervical nucleus-VCL of Thalamus-Primary somatosensory cortex

Front 47

What is the path for deep pain?

Back 47

Dorsal root- dorsal horn- splits into
*spinoreticular tract-hypothalamus-cortex
**spinothamic tract -thalamus-cortex

Front 48

What is the pathway for trigeminal?

Back 48

Trigeminal ganglion- spinal nucleus of the trigeminal complex-trigeminothalamic tract-VCM of thalamus-primary somatosensory cortex

Front 49

What is the pathway for discriminative touch/pressure and conscious proprioception via dorsal column medial lemniscus?

Back 49

Dorsal root- splits into
*fasiculus gracilis
**fasiculus cuneatus
both for to VCL of thalamus-primary somatosensory cortex

Front 50

What is the pathway for discriminative touch?

Back 50

Trigeminal nucleus-principle nucleus of trigeminal complex-medial lemniscus-VCM of thalamus-primary somatosensory cortex

Front 51

What is SSA?

Back 51

Sensory for seeing, hearing and balance

Front 52

What is SVA?

Back 52

Sensory for taste and olfaction

Front 53

What is GSE?

Back 53

motor to skeletal muscles

Front 54

What is GVE?

Back 54

activation of organs

Front 55

What is GSA?

Back 55

sensory from skeletal muscle

Front 56

What is GVA?

Back 56

Sensory from organ/gland

Front 57

What is sensory ataxia?

Back 57

inability of motor cortex to make commands because of lack of info about position of limb/body.

Front 58

What is motor ataxia?

Back 58

inability of the cerebellum to modify movement

Front 59

What is a withdrawal reflex?

Back 59

ipsilateral flexion

lesion causes loss of withdrawal cranial to reflex arc

Front 60

What is cross extensor reflex?

Back 60

not present in normal animal

lesion in the white matter causing the countralater side to extend then the ipsilater side is flexed

Front 61

What is Panniculus?

Back 61

Twitch, lateral thoracic nerve

Front 62

What is tonic stretch reflex?

Back 62

move the limb around while the animal is in lateral recumbancy. A normal animal should resist

Front 63

What is phasic stretch reflex?

Back 63

patellar tap
normal animal has a kick response

Front 64

How do you grade a reflex?

Back 64

0 = none
1 = hypo
2 = normal
3 = hyper
4 = clonic

Front 65

What is a supratentorial lesion?

Back 65

in CN I, II or the cortext

both sensory and motor signs would be highly lateralized involving mostly contralateral body ports

Front 66

What is infratentorial lesion?

Back 66

CN III - XII and cerebellum

Signs that you would see due to infratentorial lesions include proprioceptive deficits or non-functioning cranial nerves.

Front 67

What is decerebrate rigidity?

Back 67

Occurs due to a separation of the brainstem between the rostral and caudal colliculi. This causes a loss of conscious perception
There is a loss of inhibition on the anti-gravity muscles, causing them to “over-react” and put the animal into extreme extensor tonus (both limbs are in hyperextension). The animal will also have opisthotonus. The animal will no longer have a pupillary light response. This animal will have a grim prognosis. Nothing can be done to reverse the damage that has occurred.

Front 68

What is tetanus?

Back 68

Caused by the bacteria Clostridium tetani. The bacteria usually enter the body through a break in the skin and spreads via the bloodstream (bacteremia). They shut off the inhibitory neurons and neurotransmitters, allowing for there to be uninhibited stimulation of the muscles. Similar to decerebrate rigidity, the animal will have hyperextension of its limbs and opisthotonus. The big differences are that the animal is conscious and still has a PLR. There will also be contraction of the facial muscles, making the appearance that the animal is “grinning” (risus sardonicus).

Front 69

What is decerebellate rigidity?

Back 69

Cause by lesions to the rostral lobe of the cerebellum. The rostral lobe is inhibitory to the anti-gravity muscles of the front limbs, so when it’s damaged there will be hyperextension of the thoracic limbs. The part of the cerebellum that controls the pelvic limbs is protected by the 4th ventricle, so the pelvic limbs tend to keep a normal tone. Sometimes the pelvic limbs will present flexed up towards the body. The animal is conscious and has a normal PLR.

Front 70

What is the Schiff-Sherrington Posture?

Back 70

Schiff-Sherrington occurs when there is a lesion in the spinal cord anywhere between T2 and S3. this causes an interruption in ascending pathways that would normally inhibit the motor neurons (both extension and flexion) of the thoracic limb. This causes the thoracic limb to be in a state of hypertonicity (extreme muscle tension). This hypertonicity will also be seen in the cervical and thoracic spine. During voluntary movement, the thoracic limb appears as if it were normal (no lack of sensory, motor, pain, etc.). The only time you really notice the rigidity is when you place the animal in lateral recumbancy. Depending where the lesion is on the spinal cord between T2 and S3 can cause UMN or LMN signs to the pelvic limbs.

Front 71

What does the Axillary Nerve supply?

Back 71

Deltoideus m
Teres Major m
Subscapularis m
Teres Minor m

Front 72

What does the Radial Nerve supply?

Back 72

Triceps m
Tensor Fascia Antebrachii m
Anconeus m
Extensor Carpi Radialis m
Common Digital Extensor m
Supinator m
Lateral Digital Extensor m
Ulnaris Lateralis m

Front 73

What does the Median Nerve supply?

Back 73

Pronator Teres m
Pronator Quadratus m
Flexor Carpi Radialis m
Superficial Digital Flexor m
Sensory to Palmar surface of Paw

Front 74

What does the Ulnar Nerve supply?

Back 74

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
DDF m
Sensory to Palmar Surface of Paw

Front 75

What does the Musculocutaneous Nerve supply?

Back 75

Biceps Brachii m
Brachialis m
Coracobrachialis m

Front 76

What nerves are fused in the Thoracic limb for the equine/dog?

Back 76

The median and the musculocutaneous.

*it is the median and the ulnar in the dog*

Front 77

What does the femoral nerve supply?

Back 77

Sartorius

Front 78

What does the sciatic nerve supply

Back 78

internal obturator, gamelli, quadratus femoris

Front 79

What does the Tibial nerve supply?

Back 79

The gastrocnemius, SDF, DDF and popliteus