Neuroanatomy - Final Exam

Front 1

What makes of the cerebral hemisphere (4)?

Back 1

1) cerebral cx (gray)
2) subcortical white matter (white)
3) basal ganglia (gray)
4) Lateral ventricles (space)

Front 2

What are the 3 types of fibers of white matter?

Back 2

1) projection fibers
2) association fibers
3) commissure fibers

Front 3

Give 2 examples of projection fibers.

Back 3

1) corticospinal tract
2) thalamocortical fibers

Front 4

What are association fibers?

Back 4

-short and long fibers that connect areas within the same hemisphere

Front 5

Give an example of association fibers.

Back 5

Arcuate fasciculus
-connects the Wernicke's area to the Broca's area

Front 6

What do commissure fibers do?

Back 6

Connect areas b/t hemispheres

Front 7

Which two places would you find commissure fibers?

Back 7

1) corpus callosum
2) anterior commissure

Front 8

What are the 8 functions of the cerebral cortex?

Back 8

1) memory storage & recall

2) comprehension & execution
of language

3) musical & mathematic
abilities

4) processes responsible for
attention

5) perception & conscious
processing of all sensations

6) integrates sensory inputs
from several modalities to
provide recognition of people,
objects, and places

7) planning/execution of
complex motor activites

8) behavior

Front 9

The cerebral cortex is anatomically divided into what lobes (4)?

Back 9

1) frontal
2) parietal
3) temporal
4) occipital

Front 10

The cerebral cortex is funtionally divided by what?

Back 10

cytoarchitecture
(Brodmann areas/mapping)

Front 11

What are the two major types of cortical areas?

Back 11

Primary areas

Association areas

Front 12

Which lobe contains 1/3 the cerebral cortex mass?

Back 12

frontal lobe

Front 13

Results from a lesion in the frontal lobe?

Back 13

-contralateral weakness to paralysis (corticospinal tract)

Front 14

What is the origin of the corticospinal tract and corticobulbar fibers?

Back 14

Primary motor cortex

Front 15

What is area 4?

Back 15

primary motor area in the frontal lobe

Front 16

Where is the primary motor area?

Back 16

-occupies the precentral gyrus and part of the paracentral lobule

Front 17

Name the 6 things that assist the primary motor area.

Back 17

"psst, CB"

1) premotor area
2) supplemental motor area
3) sensory cortex
4) thalamus
5) Cerebellum
6) Basal ganglia

Front 18

Which area of the brain controls voluntary movement, and converts motor programs into muscle activity?

Back 18

Primary motor area

Front 19

What cells are located within the Primary motor area of the frontal lobe?

Back 19

Betz cells

Front 20

What is area 6?

Back 20

premotor area

Front 21

Where is the premotor area located?

Back 21

-rostral part of the precentral gyrus and caudal parts of the superior, middle, and inferior frontal gyri

Front 22

What part of the brain programs the activity of the motor cortex?

Back 22

Premotor cortex

Front 23

Focal lesions of the premotor area result in ________.

Back 23

Apraxia, but NO loss of movement.

Front 24

Where is the supplemental motor area located?

Back 24

-medial surface of the frontal lobe

Front 25

Name the 6 cortical areas of the frontal lobe.

Back 25

1) Primary motor area

2) Premotor area

3) supplemental motor area

4) Frontal eye field

5) Motor speech area (Broca's
area)

6) Prefrontal cortex

Front 26

Which area of the brain contains the programming necessary for complex movements involving several body parts, involved with postural responses?

Back 26

Supplemental motor area (6 and 8)

Front 27

What 2 things must happen in order to accomplish a complex motor act?

Back 27

1) idea or mental formulation of a plan to carry out the movement is developed

2) plan is transferred to the motor system to be executed

Front 28

Where is the frontal eye field located?

Back 28

rostral to premotor area

Front 29

Stimulation of the frontal eye field results in what?

Back 29

-conjugate eye movements to the opposite side

-voluntary eye movements independent of visual stimuli

Front 30

What happens if there is a lesion in the frontal eye field?

Back 30

visual guidance of motor performance because impaired

Front 31

What is an aka for motor speech area?

Back 31

Broca's Area

Front 32

Where is Broca's area located?

Back 32

in the inferior frontal gyrus

Front 33

Most people are _______ hemisphere dominant for language.

Back 33

Left

Front 34

What is the area that is the speech center, fomation of words, and storage of speech programs?

Back 34

Motor speech area (Broca's area)

Front 35

If there is a lesion in Broca's area, what will occur?

Back 35

paralysis of speech

Front 36

Where is the prefrontal cortex located?

Back 36

frontal lobe association cortex

Front 37

The prefrontal cortex is connected to what (4)?

Back 37

"CHAT"

1) caudate nucleus
2) hypothalamus
3) amygdala
4) thalamus

Front 38

What are the 2 parts of the prefrontal cortex?

Back 38

1) strong limbic connections associated with social behavior

2) concerned with intellectual abilities: conceptualizing, concentration planning, problem solving, decision making.

Front 39

What area of the brain may elicit behavior appropriate to the situation at hand?

Back 39

prefrontal cortex

Front 40

A bilateral lesion of the prefrontal cortex wiil result in?

Back 40

-loss of initiative, ambition, responsibilities, judgement, foresight, easily distracted, careless of appearance and dress, loss of sense of acceptable social behavior.

Front 41

Name the cortical areas of the parietal lobe (3).

Back 41

1) Primary sensory cortex
2) Sensory association cortex
3) Primary gustatory cortex

Front 42

Name the corital areas of the occipital lobe (2).

Back 42

1) Primary visual cortex

2) Secondary visual cortex

Front 43

Name the cortical areas of the temporal lobe (3).

Back 43

1) Primary auditory cortex
2) Wernicke's area
3) connections with limbic system for emotions, short term memory, and behavior

Front 44

What will happen if there is a lesion in the primary sensory cortex?

Back 44

Contralateral loss of tactile discrimination and position sense.

Front 45

The primary sensory cortex receives input from where?

Back 45

VPL and VPM nuclei of the thalamus

Front 46

Where is the primary sensory cortex located?

Back 46

Occupies the postcentral gyrus and part of the paracentral lobule on medial surface of the hemisphere

Front 47

Where is the sensory association cortex located?

Back 47

Posterior parietal cortex and inferior parietal lobule

Front 48

What will happen with a lesion in the sensory association cortex of the parietal lobe?

Back 48

neglect syndrome

Front 49

Inferior parietal lobule = ?

Back 49

supramargincal gyrus & angular gyrus (naming of objects)

Front 50

2 functions of the Sensory association cortex?

Back 50

1) receives and integrates different sensory modalities

2) concerned with cognition of the body and objects surrounding it, perception and interpretation of spacial relationships, accurate body image, and the learning of tasks involving coordination of the body in space.

Front 51

Lesion in the primary gustatory cortex will result in what?

Back 51

ageusia (unability to taste)

Front 52

Where is the primary visual cortex located?

Back 52

along the banks of the calcarine fissure

Front 53

Where does the primary visual cortex recieve inpur from?

Back 53

contralateral side of the visual field

Front 54

Where does the primary visual cortex receive afferents from?

Back 54

LGB vis optic radiations

Front 55

Which area of the brian identifies borders, lines, moving lines, contrasts, and shapes?

Back 55

Primary visual cortex

Front 56

What is the aka for secondary visual cortex?

Back 56

visual association cortex

Front 57

Where is the secondary visual cortex located?

Back 57

surrounds the primary visual areas

Front 58

Which area of the brain relates visual info of the primary visual cortex to past visual experiences allowing for recognition and appreciation of what you are seeing?

Back 58

Secondary visual cortex

Front 59

Where is the primary auditory cortex located?

Back 59

superior temporal gyrus

Front 60

The primary auditory cortex receives afferents from where?

Back 60

MGB via auditory radiations

Front 61

Perception and identification of words occurs in which area of the brain?

Back 61

Primary auditory cortex

Front 62

Where is Wernicke's area located?

Back 62

Localized in the left dominant hemisphere.

Front 63

What connects Broca's area to Wernicke's area?

Back 63

arcuate fasciculus

Front 64

Which area of the brain permits understanding of spoken and written language?

Back 64

Wernicke's area

Front 65

which area of the brain develops auditory patterns for how words will sound when spoken?

Back 65

Wernicke's area

Front 66

Wernicke's area receives input from where (2)?

Back 66

1) visual cortex

2) auditory cortex

Front 67

Name the 3 forms of agnosia.

Back 67

1) visual
2) tactile
3) auditory

Front 68

What word means knowing, comprehension?

Back 68

gnosis

Front 69

What is is called when you compar present sensory phenomena with past experience?

Back 69

gnosis

Front 70

What is a failure to recognize stimuli when the appropriate sensory system functions inadequately?

Back 70

agnosia

Front 71

What is a failure to recognize objects visually in absence of a defect of visual acuity or intellectual impairment?

Back 71

visual agnosia

Front 72

A lesion of the angular gyrus or secondary visual area of the occipital lobe will cause?

Back 72

Visual agnosia

Front 73

What is agnosia for familiar faces?

Back 73

prosopagnosia

Front 74

Inability to recognized objects by touch (tactile sense) when tactile and proprioceptive senses remain intact in the part of the body being tested?

Back 74

tactile agnosia

Front 75

A lesion of the supramarginal gyrua can cause what?

Back 75

tactile agnosia

Front 76

Failure of a person with intact hearing to recognized specifice sounds (speech, music, familiar voices) is called?

Back 76

auditory agnosis

Front 77

A lesion in the superior temporal gyrus can cause what?

Back 77

auditory agnosis

Front 78

Where is the center for the production of prosody?

Back 78

right inferior frontal gyrus

Front 79

Wher is the center for the comprehension of prosody?

Back 79

right posterior temporal-parietal-occipital areas

Front 80

What is the emotional, rhythmic, melodic aspects of our speech that allow us to convey various meanings to our language called?

Back 80

Prosody

Front 81

Name 2 AKAs for Broca's aphasia.

Back 81

1) motor aphasia

2) nonfluent aphasia

Front 82

Name 2 AKAs for Wernicke's aphasia.

Back 82

1) sensory aphasia

2) fluent aphasia

Front 83

Difficulty speaking even though person understands written and spoken language is called?

Back 83

Broca's aphasia

Front 84

Speech is fluent but comprehension is poor. Content makes no sense, difficult to end speech. Word salad. These illustrate what condition?

Back 84

Wernicke's aphasia

Front 85

Telegraphic style of speech. Difficulty saying anything, often pausing to search for words (anomia). These illustrate what condition?

Back 85

Broca's aphasia

Front 86

Neglect syndrome occurs with a lesion where?

Back 86

posterior parietal cortex (sensory association cortex)

Front 87

A lesion of the sensory association cortex is most commonly followed with damage to which area of the brain?

Back 87

Right parietal cortex