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281 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Spinal Cord: Lamina I
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Receive nociceptive afferent fibers
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Spinal Cord: Lamina II
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Substantia gelatinosa...Receives afferent fibers which carry nociceptive information. Important in integrating or modulating pain sensation
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Spinal Cord: Lamina III and IV
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Nucleus proprius: Large (tract cells) whose axons ascend to carry sensory information to higher levels
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Spinal Cord: Lamina V
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Responds to Noxious and visceral sensations
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Lamina VII
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Forms the intermediate zone...Present at all spinal cord levels. It has enlargements at thoracic and sacral levels. Most cells are interneurons.
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Spinal Cord: Lateral Horn
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Part of Lamina VII
Extends from T1 to L2 Contains preganglionic sympathetic neurons |
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Spinal cord: Nucleus dorsalis
Clarke's column |
Part of Lamina VII
Extends from T1 to L3 Axons of these cells form the posterior spinocerebellar tract |
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In the Spinal Cord, what does the Sacral parasympathetic Gray extend from and contain?
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Extends from S2 to S4
Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons Part of Lamina VII |
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Spinal cord: Laminae VIII and IX
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Contain motor neurons (lower motor neurons)
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Spinal cord: medial subdivisions of laminae VIII and IX
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Found at all levels of the spinal cord
Innervate axial muscles |
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Spinal cord: laminae VIII and IX: lateral subdivisions
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Found in enlargements and innervate the muscles of the limbs
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Spinal cord: laminae VIII and IX: central groups
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Found at cervical levels;
Contain the phrenic and accessory nuclei At sacral levels it contains the nucleus of Onuf...gives rise to the pudendal nerve (important in the maintenance of continence and erection.) |
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What is the nucleus of Onuf?
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Part of the spinal cord
Found in the central groups of laminae VIII and IX Gives rise to the pudendal nerve (important in the maintenance of continence and erection). |
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The arrangement of motor nuclei in the ventral horn (Laminae VIII and IX)
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Anterior neuronal groups: Innervate extensor muscles
Posteriorly placed neurons: Innervate flexors |
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The 3 important functions of the neurons of the gray matter
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1. They receive input from peripheral nerves and higher brain centers.
2. They form basic local circuits that comprise the spinal reflexes. 3. They relay information to higher brain centers or to the periphery. |
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Fasciculus gracilis
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Ascending Tract
Medial |
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Is the Fasciculus cuneatus an ascending or descending tract and where is it placed within the spinal cord?
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Ascending tract
Lateral It meets up with the nucleus in the caudal medulla. |
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Dorsal funiculus
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the area between the dorsal midline (posterior median sulcus) and the dorsal horn with its entering dorsal root (posterolateral sulcus).
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Lateral funiculus
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The area between the dorsal and ventral horns with their roots (between the posterolateral sulcus and anterolateral sulcus).
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In the spinal cord, what is the Ventral funiculus?
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The area between the ventral horn (anterolateral sulcus) and the ventral midline (anterior median fissure).
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Is the Dorsolateral fasciculus (tract of Lissauer) an ascending or descending tract and what type of fibers does it contain?
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Ascending tract
Entering afferents |
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Spinothalamic tracts
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Ascending tract
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Spinotectal tracts
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Ascending tract
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Spinoreticular tracts
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Ascending tract
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Spinocerebellar tracts
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Dorsal spinocerebellar tract: In the caudal and rostral medulla. Terminates in the rostral medulla
Ventral spinocerebellar tract: In the caudal and rostral medulla, in the caudal and rostral pons. It terminates in the rostral pons where it meets up with the superior cerebellar peduncle. these are both placed laterally. |
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Lateral corticospinal tract
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Descending tract
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Vertical corticospinal tract
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Descending tract
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Dorsolateral fasciculus
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Tract of Lissauer
Entering afferent fibers Descending tract |
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Rubrospinal tract
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Descending tract
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Tectospinal tract
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descending tract
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Is the Vestibulospinal tract an ascending or descending tract?
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descending tract
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Is the Reticulospinal tract an ascending or descending tract?
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descending tract
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Fasciculus proprius
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Fibers forming a cap around the spinal gray matter. These fibers are for local circuits, and they interconnect one spinal cord segment with others above and below.
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Corticospinal tracts
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Axons of motor neurons which are in the cerebral cortex and descend to the spinal cord to influence motorneurons in the ventral horn.
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Motorneurons in the cortex
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Upper motor neurons
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Motorneurons in the ventral horn
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Lower motor neurons
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Where do upper motor neurons terminate?
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On contralateral lower motor neurons
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Where do the fibers of the lateral corticospinal tract cross over?
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In the pyramidal decussation of the medulla
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Where do the fibers of the anterior corticospinal tract cross over?
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The spinal cord segment of the lower motor neurons which they are destined to terminate.
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What fibers carry sensations of fine touch and proprioception from the skin and joints?
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Dorsal columns
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Fasciculus gracilis
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Dorsal column
Fine touch and proprioception that arise from the lower half of the body |
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What type of information does the Fasciculus cuneatus contain?
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Fine touch and proprioception that arise from the upper half of the body
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Are dorsal column fibers ipsilateral or contralateral?
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All of these fibers remain ipsilateral in the spinal cord and terminate on nuclei in the medulla. Axons of the nuclei will cross the midline to ascend on the contralateral side.
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What fibers carry sensations of light crude touch?
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Anterior spinothalamic tract
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What fibers carry pain and temperature?
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Lateral spinothalamic tract
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What side of the body do ventral horn cells control?
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Ipsilateral
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What side of the body do corticospinal fibers control?
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Contralateral
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What side do dorsal column fibers control?
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Ipsilateral at all spinal cord levels
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What side do spinothalamic fibers control?
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Contralateral at all spinal cord levels
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What does the brainstem contain?
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the derivatives from the myelencephalon (medulla oblongata), part of the derivative of the metencephalon (pons) and the derivative of the mesencephalon (mesencephalon)
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Embryology: Central canal of the neural tube enlarges...what does it form?
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The Ventricular system of the brain
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What is in the dorsal column of the medulla?
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Medial lemniscal system
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What are the sensory fibers for FINE TOUCH in the LOWER HALF of the body?
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Fasciculus gracilis
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Does the fasciculus gracilis synapse on the ipsilateral or contralateral nucleus gracilis?
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Ipsilateral
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What are the sensory fibers for fine touch and proprioception in the upper part of the body called?
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Fasciculus cuneatus
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Do the fibers in the fasciculus cuneatus synapse on cells of the ipsilateral or contralateral nucleus cuneatus?
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Ipsilateral
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What do the axons of the cells in the nucleus gracilis form?
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The internal arcuate fibers
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What do the axons of the cells in the nucleus cuneatus form?
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The internal arcuate fibers
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The internal arcuate fibers cross the midline. After they cross the midline what bundle do they form?
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Medial Lemniscus
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What is the bundle of second order sensory fibers carrying fine touch and proprioception from the contralateral side?
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Medial lemniscus
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Where does the medial lemniscus terminate?
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In the thalamus
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What are the tracts called that are carrying axons of cells in the nucleus proprius (laminae III and IV) carrying pain and temperature sensation from the contralateral side to the thalamus?
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Spinothalamic tracts
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What are the tracts called that are carrying axons in laminae III and IV taking information to the mesencephalon?
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spinotectal tract
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What forms an interconnection between the medulla and cerebellum?
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Inferior cerebellar peduncle
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What receives fibers from the cerebrum and other areas and sends fibers to the cerebellum via the inferior cerebellar peduncle?
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Inferior olivary nucleus
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From embryology, what derivatives does the brainstem include?
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The myelencephalon (medulla oblongata), part of the derivative of the metencephalon (pons) and the derivative of the mesencephalon (mesencephalon).
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As part of the developmental process, what enlarges to form the ventricular system of the brain?
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The central canal of the neural tube
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What does the fourth ventricle narrow into in the mesencephalon?
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The cerebral aqueduct
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In the medulla, what are the sensory fibers for fine touch in the lower half of the body?
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Fasciculus gracilis
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Where does the fasciculus gracilis synapse?
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On cells of ipsilateral nucleus gracilis
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What are the sensory fibers for fine touch and proprioception in the upper half of the body?
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Fasciculus cuneatus
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Where do the fibers of the fasciculus cuneatus synapse?
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On cells of ipsilateral nucleus cuneatus.
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What do the axons of the cells of the nucleus gracilis form?
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Internal arcuate fibers which CROSS the MIDLINE.
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What do the axons of the cells of the nucleus cuneatus form?
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Internal arcuate fibers which CROSS the MIDLINE.
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After the internal arcuate fibers cross the midline, what do they form?
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A bundle called the Medial Lemniscus
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What is a bundle of second order sensory fibers carrying fine touch and proprioception from the CONTRALATERAL side that will terminate in the thalamus?
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Medial Lemniscus
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What are axons of cells in the nucleus proprius (laminae III and IV) carrying pain and temperature sensation from the CONTRALATERAL side to the thalamus?
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Spinal Lemniscus
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What are the axons of tract cells in laminae III and IV carrying information to the mesencephalon?
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Spinotectal tract
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What is also called the restiform body?
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Inferior cerebellar peduncle
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What forms an interconnection between the medulla and the cerebellum?
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Inferior cerebellar peduncle
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What receives fibers from the cerebrum and other areas and sends fibers to the cerebellum via the inferior cerebellar peduncle?
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Inferior olivary nucleus
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What are the axons of cells from nucleus dorsalis (Clark's column) going to the cerebellum via the inferior cerebellar peduncle?
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Dorsal spinocerebellar tract
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What are the axons of cells from the lumbosacral area going to cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle?
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Ventral spinocerebellar tract
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What are axons of motor neurons in the cerebral cortex going to contralateral spinal cord motor neurons?
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Corticospinal fibers
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What are collections of corticospinal fibers at the ventral part of the medulla?
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Pyramids
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Pyramidal (motor) decussation: The crossing over of 85% of the corticospinal fibers to the opposite side forming the ___________.
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Lateral corticospinal tracts
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Axons of its cells form the cranial root of XI. This joins the vagus to provide motor innervation of the esophagus, pharynx and larynx
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Nucleus ambiguus
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This provides preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the thorax and abdomen.
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Dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve.
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What is the tract/nucleus for fibers from VII, IX and X for taste and visceral reflexes?
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Solitary tract and nucleus
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What 2 nuclei receive fibers from the inner ear?
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Dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei
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What is the fiber bundle that is output from the inner ear?
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Lateral lemniscus
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What nuclei receives input from the vestibular apparatus?
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vestibular nuclei
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What is associated with the output from the vestibular apparatus?
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Medial longitudinal fasciculus
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What nucleus/tract receives sensory fibers for PAIN and TEMPERATURE from all cranial nerves which carry those modalities?
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Nucleus and tract of the trigeminal nerve
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What arises mostly from the medial vestibular nucleus and goes to nuclei which control eye movement?
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Medial longitudinal fasciculus
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What interconnects the pons with the cerebellum carrying pontocerebellar fibers from the contralateral pontine nuclei?
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Middle cerebellar peduncle
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How do the fibers from the ventral spinocerebellar tract reach the cerebellum?
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via the Superior cerebellar peduncle
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What receives auditory fibers from cochlear nuclei and contributes fibers to the lateral lemniscus?
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Superior olivary nucleus
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What are the axons of cells from cochlear nuclei, the superior olivary nucleus and other auditory nuclei which project to the inferior colliculus?
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Lateral lemniscus...the most important auditory pathway
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What is the nuclei involved in the maintenance of equilibrium?
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Vestibular nuclei. It contributes fibers to the MLF.
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What innervates the muscles of mastication, the tensor tympani and tensor veli palatini?
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Motor nucleus of V
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What is the nucleus that innervates muscles of facial expression, posterior belly of the digastric, sylohyoid, and the stapedius?
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Motor nucleus of the facial nerve
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What is the motor nucleus that innervates the lateral rectus?
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Abducens nerve
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What nuclei receive fibers from the cerebral cortex and send fibers to the cerebellum?
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Pontine nuclei
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Axons of cells from pontine nuclei (pontocerebellar fibers) go to cerebellum via the contralateral or ipsilateral middle cerebellar peduncle?
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Contralateral
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What receives auditory fibers via the lateral lemniscus, sends fibers to the medial geniculate body via the inferior brachium?
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Inferior colliculus
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What contains the fibers from the inferior colliculus that go to the medial geniculate body?
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Inferior brachium
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What is the rostral-most part of the neural tube, formed by the closure of the rostral neuropore called?
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Lamina terminalis
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Cells of the mantle layer differentiate into mature neurons and glia, and form connections, becoming the white or the gray matter?
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Gray matter
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What forms the cells of the peripheral nervous system?
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Neural crest
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What does the basal plate form?
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Efferent neurons and local circuit neurons
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What does the alar plate form?
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Association cells (axons remain on the same side) and commissural cells (axons cross to the opposite side).
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What does neural differentiation depend on?
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Inhibition of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signal by the expression of transcription factors of the Sox gene family (follistatin, noggin, chordin).
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What part of the neural tube does sonic hedgehog induce the differentiation of neurons?
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Ventral half
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What induces differentiation of neurons in the dorsal half of the neural tube?
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Several members of the Bone Morphogenetic proteins
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What is the posterior part of the neural tube (including the spinal cord and the hindbrain) induced by?
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2 kinds of substances:
Fibroblast growth factor family of proteins Retinoic acid |
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What is the segmental organization of the hindbrain controlled by?
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Hox genes
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What cells in the hindbrain contain motor and sensory neurons that innervate individual branchial arches?
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Rhombomeres
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What are the domains called that the forebrain is initially divided into?
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prosomeres
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What is the cerebellar cortex derived from?
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The alar plate
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How do the neuroblasts reach their final destination in the cerebral cortex?
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By radial migration
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What do cells destined to become granule cells migrate along?
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Bergman glia (radial glia) fibers
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What is cell migration in the formation of the cerebellar cortex characterized by?
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Outside to inside migration of external granular layer (EGL) cells
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What does the germinal (matrix) zone in the cerebral cortex generate?
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Neuroblasts and glioblasts
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What does the intermediate (mantle) zone in the cerebral cortex become?
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White matter
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The cortical zone has 2 layers: a pyramidal layer that forms_______ of the cortex, and a marginal layer which will form the _____________ of the cortex.
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Layers II-VI
Plexiform layer (layer I) |
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Along what fibers do the neuroblasts in the cerebral cortex migrate?
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Radial glial fibers
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The commitment to differentiate into a specific neuron in the cerebral cortex depends on what?
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The timing and the place
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What is the area above and posterior to the cerebral acqueduct?
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Tectum
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What receives visual fibers via the superior brachium?
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Superior colliculus. Both the superior brachium and superior colliculus are located in the rostral midbrain medial to the pulvinar of thalamus.
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What is rostral to the superior colliculus and is important for pupillary and other eye reflexes?
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Pretectum
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What is the interconnection between the third and fourth ventricles?
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Cerebral acqueduct
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What is the area below the cerebral acqueduct?
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Tegmentum
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What receives fibers from the cerebral cortex and cerebellum, sends fibers to the inferior olivary nucleus and spinal cord?
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Red Nucleus: Motor function
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What receives fibers from the striatum, contains dopaminergic neurons, and is important in Parkinson's disease?
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Substantia nigra, located in the caudal and rostral midbrain, ventrally located, but dorsal to the basis pedunculi.
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What has sensory input as part of the vestibular system and is involved in the motor component of the extraocular muscles?
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Medial longitudinal fasciculus
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What are primary sensory neurons which are proprioceptive to muscles of mastication? (It is the only site for primary sensory neurons in the CNS.)
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Mesencephalic nucleus of V
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What is the nucleus that innervates the superior oblique muscle?
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trochlear nucleus, only found in the caudal midbrain
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What is the nucleus that innervates most eye muscles?
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oculomotor nucleus
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What nucleus contains preganglionic parasympathetic neurons to synapse in ciliary ganglion?
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Nucleus of Edinger-Westphal
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Where do the postganglionic fibers of the ciliary ganglion go to?
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Ciliary muscles and the sphincter pupillae
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What does the basis pedunculi contain?
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Middle 3/5: Corticospinal fibers
Medial 1/5: Frontopontine fibers Lateral 1/5: Parieto-temporo-pontine |
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What is the noradrenergic neurons that sends fibers all over the CNS, modulate synapses, and is important in arousal and attention?
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Locus ceruleus
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What is the reticular formation in the brainstem homologous to in the spinal cord?
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The intermediate zone of the spinal cord gray matter (Lamina VII of the spinal cord).
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What system consists of a convergent sensory input to reticular nuclei with ascending projections to the intra laminal (reticular) nuclei of the thalamus and is important in arousal (consciousness, wakefulness, attention)?
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The ascending arousal (reticular activating) system
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What happens with bilateral destruction of the medial part of the reticular formation at or above pontine levels?
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Irreversible coma
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Local projections that modulate simple reflexes and simple stereotyped behavior as a rule belong to what group of reticular nuclei?
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The lateral group of reticular nuclei
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What part of the reticular formation is associated with the visceral functions of the vagus? swallowing, vomiting, respiration, coughing, hiccuping, and sneezing
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Ventrolateral functions of the vagus
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What part of the reticular formation is associated with the hypoglossal, ambiguus, facial and trigeminal MOTOR nuclei? Chewing, lip and tongue movements, facial expressions such as crying or smiling
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Lateral medullary and pontine reticular formation
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What part of the reticular formation is adjacent to the abducens nucleus and controls conjugate movements of the eyes?
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Paramedian pontine reticular formation
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What part of the reticular formation is adjacent to the oculomotor nucleus and coordinates vertical eye movements and the convergence of the eyes?
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Paramedian reticular formation: Midbrain
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What does hemisection of the spinal cord (Brown-Sequarad Syndrome) entail?
ex. transection of the right half at C4 |
Right lateral corticospinal tract was cut: -Weakness of Right limbs
-Increased tendon reflexes -Babinski sign -Clonus and spasticity Right dorsal columns cut: Loss of touch and vibratory sense on the Right side below the lesion. Spinothalamic tract cut: Loss of pain and temp sensation on the left side of the body below the hemisection |
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What happens as a result of Syringomyelia (cystic enlargement of the central canal of the spinal cord)?
ex. T4 level |
Destruction of crossing of fibers of the lateral spinothalamic tracts:
Bilateral loss of pain and temp sensation over the upper part of the chest |
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What does medial medullary syndrome entail (Left antero-medial part of the medulla is affected due to blockage of the paramedian branches of the basilar artery)?
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Parases of the muscles in the right side of the body below the lesion (left pyramid).
Impaired sensation in the right side of the body below the lesion (left medial lemniscus) Tongue deviating to the left side when protruded (left hypoglossal nerve). |
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What does lateral medullary (Wallenberg's) syndrome entail (left dorsolateral part of the medulla is affected--due to blockage of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery)?
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Difficulty in swallowing (vagus), hoarseness (nucleus ambiguus),
Numbness and diminished temp sensation on the left side of the face (spinal tract and nucleus of V), Dizziness, N/V (vestibular nuclei), staggering gait (inferior cerebellar peduncle), loss of pain and temp on the right side (spinal lemniscus) |
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All general somatic sensory fibers in cranial nerves V, VII, IX, and X synapse on cells in the __________ nuclei.
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Trigeminal nuclei
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What do fibers which convey fine discriminative touch information terminate in? From the face/head
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The chief sensory nucleus of V and rostral part of spinal nucleus of V (cranial nerves)
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Where do fibers which convey simple tuch information synapse?
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On cells in the middle part of the spinal nucleus of V (cranial nerves).
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Where do fibers which convey pain and temp synapse?
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On cells of the caudal part of the spinal nucleus of V.
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Where do all of the visceral afferent fibers in cranial nerves VII, IX and X synapse?
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On cells of the solitary nucleus
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Taste fibers (a special visceral afferent) terminate on neurons of the _________ half of the ________ nucleus.
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rostral, solitary
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General visceral afferents terminate on neurons on the ________ half of the ________ nucleus.
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Caudal, solitary
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What are at the periphery of the oculomotor nerve and are first to be involved in compression injuries?
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Parasympathetic fibers
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What is the only cranial nerve that exists dorsally just posterior to the inferior colliculus?
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The trochlear nerve
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What nucleus is just deep to the facial colliculus?
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Abducens nucleus. It is located in the caudal pons lateral to the MLF and medial to the vestibular nuclei in the dorsal part.
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Where does the oculomotor nerve come out?
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At the interpeduncular fossa
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Where do the fibers for the abducens nerve come out?
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The fibers come out ventrally at the medullary pontine angle, the most medial of those nerves.
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Where are the primary sensory neurons for the trigeminal nerve?
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The semilunar ganglion
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Proprioceptive input from masticatory apparatus is important for modulating bite tension. Where are the primary sensory neurons for this?
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The mesencephalic nucleus of V
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Where are the primary sensory neurons for the facial nerve?
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geniculate ganglion
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Where do the sensory fibers for the sensory components for taste to the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue terminate in?
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This sense is provided by the facial so the fibers terminate in the rostral half of the solitary nucleus
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Where are the preganglionic parasympathetic neurons for the facial nerve that synapse on postganglionic cells of sublingual, submandibular and pterygopalatine ganglia?
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Superior salivatory nucleus and lacrimal nucleus
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Where are the primary sensory neurons for general sensation provided by the glossopharyngeal nerve?
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In the superior ganglion of IX
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Where are the primary sensory neurons for taste provided by glossopharyngeal nerve?
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In the inferior ganglion of IX
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The glossopharyngeal nerve contaings general visceral afferents from the carotid sinus (arterial pressure) and carotid body (oxygen tension). Where do these sensory fibers terminate?
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Caudal half of solitary nucleus
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Where do the sensory fibers for taste provided by the glossopharyngeal nerve terminate?
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Rostral half of the solitary nucleus
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Where are the motor neurons (in what nucleus) for the motor innervation of the stylopharyngeus muscle provided by the glossopharyngeal nerve?
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Nucleus ambiguus
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Where are the preganglionic neurons that are part of the glossopharyngeal that send axons to synapse in the otic ganglion?
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Inferior salivatory nucleus
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What do the postganglionic axons of the otic ganglion innervate?
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The parotid gland
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Where are the primary sensory neurons for the general visceral afferents provided by the vagus? (aortic arch...arterial pressure, and aortic bodies...oxygen tension...and widespread other visceral afferents that are important for general homeostasis)
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Inferior ganglion of X
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Where are the motor neurons that innervate striated muscles of the pharynx, larynx, upper esophagus, and palatoglossus via the vagus nerve found?
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nucleus ambiguus
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Where are the preganglionic neurons that provide parasympathetic efferents in CN X that control thoracic and abd organs via the vagus nerve?
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Dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus
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Where are the preganglionic neurons that go via the vagus to control heart rate?
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Nucleus ambiguus
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True or false: All of the CN at the level of the brainstem are ipsilateral.
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True
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What is the great modulator of motor activity?
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Cerebellum
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Are the functions of the cerebellum ipsilateral or contralateral?
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Ipsilateral
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What are the most severe pathological manisfestations of the cerebellum?
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Intention tremor and ataxia
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The tonsil is what part of the cerebellum?
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A part of the posterior lobe
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If the tonsil of the cerebellum herniates through the foramen magnum what can it compress?
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the medulla
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What are the folds of the cerebellar cortex called?
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Folia
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What are the three layers of the cortex from external to internal?
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Molecular layer
Purkinje cell layer Granular layer (There are more granule cells than all the neurons in the cerebral cortex.) |
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What are the only efferents from the cerebellum?
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Purkinje cells axons (The only output from the cerebellum.)
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What cells form the parallel fibers in the cerebellum?
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Granule cells
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What are the cells that provide the neurons in the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex?
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Stellate cells
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What are the cells that provide neurons in the molecular layer, wrap around the purkinje cells and provide inhibition?
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Basket cells
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What are the cells that provide neurons in the granular layer of the cerebellar cortex?
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Golgi cells
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What fibers are most of the afferents to the cerebellum, terminate in the granular layer, and send collaterals to deep cerebellar nuclei?
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Mossy fibers
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What provides the climbing fibers in the cerebellum?
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The inferior olivary nucleus
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What fibers terminate on the Purkinje cell dendrite 1:1 and always cause the Purkinje cell to fire?
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Climbing fibers
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What are the 4 nuclei embedded in the white matter of the cerebellum?
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Central (deep cerebellar nuclei):
Fastigial nucleus Globose nucleus Emboliform nucleus Dentate nucleus |
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How does the climbing fiber system enter the cerebellum?
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Via the inferior cerebellar peduncle (because the fibers are part of the inferior olivary nucleus).
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When purkinje cell axons synapse on cells in the deep cerebellar nuclei do they cause excitation or inhibition?
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Inhibition
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Where does the mossy fiber terminate?
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In the granule layer as a mossy fiber rosette inside a glomerulus (contains the mossy fiber, dendrites of several granule cells and the axons of golgi cells).
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How do the vestibulocerebellar mossy fibers enter the cerebellum?
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Via the juxtarestiform body
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What is important in maintaining equilibrium and vestibulo-ocular reflexes?
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the vestibulocerebellar mossy fibers associated with the fastigial nucleus
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What afferents into the cerebellum are important in limb movement?
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Spinocerebellar mossy fibers associated with the nucleus interpositus (emboliform and globose nuclei)
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True of false: Cerebellar function is always ipsilateral.
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True
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What spinocerebellar tract has 2 crossovers that end up making it ipsilateral?
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Ventral spinocerebellar tract
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What tract arises as axons of neurons in the accessory (lateral) cuneate nucleus and ascends to the cerebellum via the inferior cerebellar peduncle? The pathway is ipsilateral, conveying info about movement of the upper limb.
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Cuneocerebellar tract
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The inferior olivary nucleus receives input from the __________ and other sources.
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Red nucleus
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The lateral cerebellar region is involved in motor planning. What deep cerebri nucleus does it project to?
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Dentate nucleus
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The dentate nucleus sends output from the cerebellum. How does this happen?
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Via the superior cerebellar peduncle.
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Lateral cerebellar region to the dentate nucleus to the superior cerebellar peduncle...where does it terminate?
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In the contralateral ventral lateral nucleus in the thalamus...This projects to the motor area of the cerebral cortex. Some fibers also terminate in the red nucleus.
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What does the efferent pathway of the lateral cerebellar region affect?
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Distal limb coordination (feet and hands)
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What is the intermediate cerebellar region involved in?
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Coordination of distal limb muscles
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What does the intermediate cerebellar region project to?
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The emboliform and the globose nuclei ( nucleus interpositus)
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What are the cerebellar vermis and flocculonodular lobes involved in?
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Trunk control, posture, balance and gait.
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Where does the cerebellar vermis and flocculonodular lobes project to?
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Fastigial nucleus and vestibular nuclei whose output is via the juxtarestiform body.
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What influences trunk movement and eye movement?
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Cerebellar vermis and flocculonodular lobes
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What is the largest of cerebellar efferent fiber bundles from dentate, globose and emboliform nuclei?
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Superior cerebellar peduncle
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What are the destinations of the superior cerebellar peduncle (the largest efferent fiber bundles)?
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Decussation: in mesencephalon to Red Nucleus
to thalamus: ventral tier nuclei to occulomotor nuclear complex descending fibers to reticular and inferior olivary nuclei |
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What are the pathologies associated with the neocerebellum?
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Intention tremor
Past pointing (dysmetria) poor alternating rapid movements such as pronate supinate (dysdiadochokinesis) Deomposition of movement Speech disturbances--unnatural separation of syllables--word explosive |
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What zone of the cerebellum is related to the fastigial nucleus and is important in the control of trunk and proximal limb muscles through the MLF?
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Median (vermal) zone
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What zone of the cerebellum is related to emboliform and globose nuclei and is important in the control of distal limb muscles, through the lateral corticospinal and rubrospinal tracts?
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Paramedian (paravermal) zone
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What zone of the cerebellum is related to the dentate nucleus and is important in the planning of motor activity for the entire limbs through the lateral corticospinal tract?
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Lateral zone
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What transverse subdivision of the cerebellum has major connections with the vestibular system? Pathologies in it result in disturbances in gait and in eye movement
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Archicerebellum
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What transverse subdivision of the cerebellum receives major input from the spinal cord? Pathologies in it result in abnormal stance, gait.
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Paleocerebellum
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What transverse subdivision of the cerebellum receives major input from pontine nuclei, cerebellar hemispheres and dentate nucleus?
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Neocerebellum
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What does the epithalamus do?
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Regulates mood and circadian (daily) rhythms
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What does the epithalamus consist of?
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Habenula, the associated stria medullaris and the pineal gland
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What does the stria medullaris do?
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Connects the habenula to the septal nuclei
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What is the habenula important for?
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Negative reward learning. Activation can cause feelings of helplessness and depression
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What does the pineal gland receive input from?
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From the retina via the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus
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What are the two bumps at the posterior inferior pole of the thalamus that are thought to look like knees?
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The lateral and medial geniculate nuclei which relay visual and auditory information respectively.
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What are caudal to the LGN and MGN?
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The ventral posterior lateral and the ventral posterior medial nucleus that relay somatosensory information from the body (VPL) and the face (VPM).
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Where do the ventral lateral and ventral anterior nuclei project to?
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Motor areas of the cortex
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What does the medial dorsal nucleus transmit?
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Emotional information from the limbic system to the frontal cortex
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What does the anterior nucleus play a role in?
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In the Papez circuit which is important for memory.
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What is the fiber bundle that interconnects the thalamus to the cortex?
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The internal capsule
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Where would a lesion be if a patient has impaired recent memory and orientation to person, time and place?
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Lesions of the medial temporal lobes and the closely related hippocampal-fornix-mamillary body circuit and basal forebrain.
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Which part of the brain is involved in insight, judgement, and planning?
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Frontal lobe
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Where in the brain does calculation have a nodal point?
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In the left angular gyrus region.
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When a patient presents with agnosia, the inability to understand the meaning or symbolic significance of ordinary sensory stimuli even though the sensory pathways and sensorium are relatively intact, where is the lesion?
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Parietal lobe dysfunction
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Where is the lesion when a patient has auditory agnosia?
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temporal lobe
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Where is the lesion when a patient has visual agnosia?
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Occipital lobe
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Where is the lesion when a patient has tactile agnosia?
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parietal lobe
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Where is the lesion when a patient has agnosia regarding body parts and relationships?
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parietal lobe
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What is the term that describes the inability of the patient (with eyes closed) to recognize letters or numbers between 1 and 10, traced on the skin of the palm or fingertips?
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agraphognosia
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What is the term used to describe the inability to recognize faces in person or in photos?
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Prosopagnosia
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What is used to describe a patient (with eyes closed) who is unable to know which finger is touched (number fingers 1-5)?
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Tactile finger agnosia
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What is used to describe a patient who is unable to follow the command, "Touch your right hand to your left ear," etc.?
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Right-left disorientation
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What is used to describe a patient with RIGHT parietal lesions who often fail to attend to the entire left half of space? Ex. The patient ignores from that half of the plate.
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Left-side hemi-spatial inattention
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What term is used to describe patients who are unaware of any neurological defect? For example, patients with a left hemiplegia and left-sided sensory loss are unaware they have any problem; they may get up and try to walk.
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Anosognosia
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What is used to describe inattention to bilateral double stimuli occurring with vision, hearing or touch?
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Sensory extinction or sensory inattention
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When is inattention to simultaneous bilateral stimuli most prominent?
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After right parietal lobe lesions
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What is used to describe a patient who is unable to identify two or more visual stimuli displayed briefly at the same time?
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visual extinction
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When is visual extinction most prominent?
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After right parietal occipital lobe lesions
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What is used to describe a patient who has the inability to execute a voluntary act even though the motor system, sensory system, and mental status are relatively intact?
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Apraxia
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What usually indicates a frontal lobe dysfunction?
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Apraxia
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What describes a patient who when asked to protrude their tongue and move it up, down, right and left and lick the lips, and they cannot do it?
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Face-tongue apraxia
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What is used to describe a patient's inability to perform more complicated actions requiring sequential actions?
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Arm (ideomotor) apraxia
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What is used to describe a patient who cannot copy geometric figures (a cross or clock face) or construct them out of match sticks?
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Constructional apraxia
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What is used to describe a patient who cannot orient the clothes to put them on and gets the shoes on the wrong foot?
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Dressing apraxia
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What is used to describe a patient who when asked to rise and walk, the patient just stands there even if you demonstrate what you want them to do?
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Gait apraxia
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What part of the brain is involved in linear reasoning and language functions such as grammar and vocabulary?
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Left hemisphere
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If a patient has dyscalculia, what part of the brain is this associated with?
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Damage to the left temporal-parietal junction
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What is the name of the syndrome that is associated with poor numeric manipulation, poor mental arithmetic skill and the inability to either understand or apply mathematical concepts?
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Gerstmann's syndrome
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What are the core signs of Gerstmann's syndrome?
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-dysgraphia for spontaneous writing but can copy
-dyscalculia -finger agnosia -right left disorientation -some degree of aphasia or alexia |
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What part of the brain is affected when a patient has Gerstmann's syndrome?
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The angular gyrus of the dominant parietal lobe.
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What part of the brain is involved with prosodic language functions, such as intonation and accentuation?
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Right hemisphere
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What part of the brain is involved in the processing of visual and audiological stimuli, spatial manipulation, facial perception, and artistic ability?
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Right hemisphere
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What part of the brain seems to control other integrative functions, including arithmetic, binaural sound localization, and emotions?
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bilateral hemispheres
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What part of the brain invests words with their meaning or semantic content as symbols for communication?
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dominant left hemisphere
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What part of the brain has to deliver the language stimuli it receives to the dominant hemisphere via the corpus callosum for interpretation and motor expression?
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non dominant right hemisphere
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What part of the brain invests speech with the intonations, melody, pauses, and phrasing, i.e., the prosody that adds emotion to speech?
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the para sylvian zone of the right hemisphere
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Where would a lesion be that would affect a patient's ability to invest his own speech with its emotional coloring and to interpret the emotional meaning or emotional gestures of others?
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the para sylvian zone of the right hemisphere
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What is used to describe a speech disorder that occurs following a lesion of the nondominant hemisphere of the brain and the patient has difficulty in the expression or comprehension of the emotional components of speech, such as melody, emphasis, inflection and gesturing?
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dysprosody
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What is used to describe a patient who cannot express emotional inflection in speech?
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expressive dysprosody
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Where is the lesion if a patient presents with expressive dysprosody?
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a lesion of the area corresponding to Broca's area but in the nondominant hemisphere
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What is used to describe a patient who cannot comprehend the emotional inflections of language spoken by others?
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Receptive dysprosody
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Where is the lesion when a patient presents with receptive dysprosody?
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the area corresponding to Wernicke's area but on the nondominant hemisphere
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