Neuroanatomy Exam 1

Front 1

what are some things that all nerve cells have in common

Back 1

all have missile granules (no known function), all have nucleus, dendrites and axons and cell body.

Front 2

what makes and supports myelin in the CNS as opposed to the PNS

Back 2

glial cells make and support myelin in the CNS and schwann cells do it in the ONS
* different cells with the same fcn resulting in demyelinating diseases affecting one or the other (lou gherigs is both)

Front 3

why is it harder to break a nerve than blood vessel

Back 3

b/c your breaking one cell in half

Front 4

what is white matter vs. gray matter and where is each found in the brain vs the spinal cord

Back 4

white matter is the axons, gray matter is the nerve cell bodies.
white matter is the inner layer of the brain and the outer layer of the spinal cord
gray matter is outer layer of brain and inner layer of SC

Front 5

what is bet. pia and arachnoid mater and what's it called

Back 5

Cerebrospinal fluid and i'ts aclled the subarachnoid space

Front 6

starting with epidural space and going deeper name the next spaces and layers you find and also which space has the CS fluid

Back 6

dura mater, subdural space, arachnoid mater, subarachnoid space (filled with cerebrospinal fluid), pia mater

Front 7

the diencephalon is mostly made up of the what

Back 7

thalamus

Front 8

what are the grooves in the cerebrum called, what about the bulges?

Back 8

a sulcus or fissure, and the bulges are gyri (gyrus sing.)

Front 9

what are brodman's areas

Back 9

about the best area/corerespondance to function that we have though not perfect

Front 10

what is the primary motor cortex

Back 10

the precentral gyrus- in front of the central sulcus

Front 11

motor vs sensory, which is efferent and which is afferent

Back 11

motor is efferent and sensory is afferent
remember SAME

Front 12

where do all synapses occur

Back 12

within gray mattwr

Front 13

what are the 2 other things comprise the PNS besides the spinal nerves

Back 13

cranial nerves and ganglia

Front 14

what 2 things make up CNS

Back 14

spinal cord and brain

Front 15

collections of axons/dendrites in CNS vs PNS
and collections of N cell bodies in CNS vs pns

Back 15

axons/dendrites
CNS=tract
PNS=nerve
bodies
CNS=Nucleus
pns=ganglion

Front 16

outside to inside periph nerves are made of what 3 tings

Back 16

epineurium-links fascicles, binds entire nerve
perineurium-binds fascicle contents
fascicle-bundles of axons and dendrites

Front 17

are dendrites covered in myelin

Back 17

no

Front 18

3 types of glial cells in CNS and thier fcn

Back 18

microglia-garbage collection function- there's ramified microglia that are in resting state and theres activated microglia that respond to injury or repair needs
2.oligodendrocytes form the myelin sheaths around the axons in CNS
3. astrocytes-most numerous of the glial cells, MAINTAIN BBB (blood brani barrier)

Front 19

what cells line the central canal of the spinal cord and the ventricles of the brain

Back 19

ependymal cells, they are the first cells of NS to differentiate during dvpt and guide the diffferentiation of th neurons, the growth of axons and the maintenance of the glial cells

Front 20

the three meninges and explain briefly each

Back 20

protective coverings of CNS-
1.pia-on outside of brain-provides passage for brain tiss blood vessels
2. arachnoid mater-middle
3.dura mater- outer. in skull it's fused with bone but in some areas it opens to form dural sinuses. projections of arachnoid mater into these sinuses provide that mech for CS fluid to be returned to the circ system

Front 21

dura mater fold that lies in sagittal plane projecting off the parietal and frontal bones to separate the cerebral hemispheres

Back 21

falx cerebri

Front 22

dural fold separating two cerebellar hemi's

Back 22

falx cerebelli

Front 23

dural fold that separates the middle cranial fossa from the posterior cranial fossa and therefore the cerebrum from cerebellum

Back 23

tentorium cerebelli

Front 24

the small opening in the tentorium cerebelli that allows for passage of structures bet the 2 regions

Back 24

tentorial notch

Front 25

Foramen magnum, bone it's located on and structures that pass thru it 2

Back 25

spinal cord and vertebral artery

occiput

Front 26

hypoglossal canal bone it's located on and structures that pass thru it 1

Back 26

occiput,
hypoglossal nerve

Front 27

jugular foramen bone it's located on and structures that pass thru it 4

Back 27

temporal

CN's 9, 10 and 11

so glossopharyngeal, vagus and spinal accessory
also inferior petrosal sinus (jugular vein starts as a real vein on the outside surface)

Front 28

internal acoustic meatus bone it's located on and structures that pass thru it 3

Back 28

temporal bone

CN 7 and 8
so facial and vestibulocochlear

(facial also goes thru stylomastoid foramen)

Front 29

stylomastoid foramen bone it's located on and structures that pass thru it 1

Back 29

temporal bone
facial nerve
the chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve exits the skull thru petrotympanic fissure

Front 30

carotid canalbone it's located on and structures that pass thru it 1

Back 30

temporal bone
internal carotid artery

Front 31

foramen spinosum bone it's located on and structures that pass thru it 1

Back 31

sphenoid bone m
middle meningeal artery

Front 32

foramen ovale bone it's located on and structures that pass thru it 1

Back 32

sphenoid bone
CN-V3 mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

Front 33

foramen rotundum bone it's located on and structures that pass thru it 1

Back 33

sphenoid bone
CN V2- maxillary division of th trigeminal nerve

Front 34

superior orbital fissure bone it's located on and structures that pass thru it 4

Back 34

sphenoid bone

III, VI, V1, and VI
so oculomotor, trochlear, ophtalmic div of trigeminal and abducens

Front 35

orbital canal bone it's located on and structures that pass thru it 2

Back 35

sphenoid bone
optic nerve and ophthalmic artery

Front 36

cribiform plate bone it's located on and structures that pass thru it 1

Back 36

ethmoid bone
olfactory nerve

Front 37

what are the seven parts of the CNS

Back 37

1 cerebrun (telencephalon)
2. diencephalon
3. midbrain (mesencephalon)
4. pons
5.medulla
6. cerebellum
7.spinal cord

Front 38

what are the 5 parts/ vesicles in teh adult that are derived from the three basic divisions of dvpt (proencephalon=forebrain)
mesencephalon=midbrain
rhombencephalon=hindbrain

Back 38

proencephalon=forebrain=makes telencephalon and diencephalon
mesencephalon=midbrain=stays as midbrain
rhombencephalon=hindbrain=makes metencephalon and myencephalon

Front 39

name the lobes of the brain

Back 39

parietal, temporal, occipital, frontal. then two sometimes are insula and limbic lobe

Front 40

where is the seat of the personality

Back 40

frontal pole

Front 41

main sensory relay of CNS

Back 41

thalamus

Front 42

REgulates temp, emotions and the autonomic NS

Back 42

hypothalamus

Front 43

what divides the mesenceph (midbrain)?

Back 43

the cerebral aqueduct

Front 44

what divides the mesenceph (midbrain)?

Back 44

the cerebral aqueduct

Front 45

what contains the centers of respiratory and cardiac function

Back 45

medulla

Front 46

what can pressure on the medulla cause failure of

Back 46

cardiac and respiratory function

Front 47

considered the most primitive part of the brain

Back 47

cerebellum

Front 48

what are the main fcns of cerebellum

Back 48

equilib, muscle tone and coordination of voluntary activity

Front 49

what are the main fcns of cerebellum

Back 49

equilib, muscle tone and coordination of voluntary activity

Front 50

what hole connects each lateral vent to the 3rd ventricle

Back 50

foramen of monroe

Front 51

what is the 3rd vent bet

Back 51

diencephalon and cerebrum

Front 52

what connects 3rd and 4th vents

Back 52

cerebral aqueduct

Front 53

where is the 4th vent located bet.

Back 53

the pons and cerebellum

Front 54

what is the continuation of the neural tube (embryonic basis for teh ventricles) in the SC

Back 54

central canal

Front 55

what are the main fcns of cerebellum

Back 55

equilib, muscle tone and coordination of voluntary activity

Front 56

ascent of the SC

Back 56

when born SC goes to coccyx but as grow CNS does'nt really so it ends up only going to bet. L1 and L2 usually, not really "ascending"

Front 57

dorsal and ventral roots: which is motor and which is sensory

Back 57

VM DS
ventral motor
dorsal sensory
t with t and s with s

Front 58

where is the CS fluid

Back 58

subarachnoid space

Front 59

diff bet dura mater of cranium and that of spinal cord

Back 59

in cranium it adheres to the bone creating vein like passageways and doesn't do this in the SC

Front 60

what is formed by the cell bodies assd with the secondary neurons in the sensory pathways and is the location of teh synapse bet the primary and secondary neurons in most of teh sensory pathways?

Back 60

dorsal horn

Front 61

what is formed by the cell bodies assd with the secondary neurons in the motor pathways and is the location of teh synapse bet the primary and secondary neurons in most of teh motor pathways?

Back 61

ventral horn

Front 62

intermediate column

Back 62

formed by the cell bodies assd with neurons in the Autonomic motor paths. when bet. T1 and L2 it's assd with symp motor paths and in secral levels it's assd with pelvic parasymp motor system

Front 63

spinal accessory nucleus

Back 63

cell bodies assd with spinal accessory nerve, it's located in a position like the intermediate column but is found only in the upper cervical levels of the spinal cord

Front 64

spinal trigeminal nucleus

Back 64

located only in the upper most poritons of the SC extending down from the pons and is adjacent to the spinal trigeminal tract. this nucleus reps the cell bodies of the secondary neurons in the pain and temp paths of th cranial nerves. it's located only in the upper cervical levvels of the cord

Front 65

broadmann's areas in the cerebral cortex are analagous to whatin the SC

Back 65

lamina of rexed

Front 66

what is the most important voluntary motor pathway that consists of the descending axons of the primary motor neurons that have decussated in the caudal part of the medulla.

Back 66

the lateral corticospinal tract

Front 67

ventral corticospinal tract

Back 67

descent of axons from the primary motor neurons that did not decussate in the medulla these axons decussate at their target spinal level before entering the ventral horn

Front 68

rubrospinal tract

Back 68

descent of the upper motor neurons that originate in the red nucleus of the midbrain. located on the lateral aspect of the cord, next to the lateral corticospinal tract.

Front 69

reticulospinal tract

Back 69

descent of the upper motor neurons that originate in the reticular formation. located on the ventro-lateral aspect of the cord, bet. the ventral horn and the lateral spinothalamic tract.

Front 70

vestibulospinal tract

Back 70

descent of the upper motor neurons that originate in the vestibular nucleus of the pons and medulla. located on the ventral aspect of the cord ventromedial to the lateral spinaothalamic tract.

Front 71

descending (or spinal) trigeminal tract

Back 71

locatd only in the upper most portions of the SC extednded down from the pons. rep's the axons in the pain and temp path assd with the face and head

Front 72

rep's the axons in the pain and temp path assd with the face and head

Back 72

descending (or spinal) trigeminal tract

Front 73

ventral trigeminal tract

Back 73

ascent of the axons of the second neuron in the pain and temp path assd with the face and head. this tract is located only in th eupper cerv levels of the cord

Front 74

dorsolateral fasciculus or column of lissauer

Back 74

ascent or descent axons of the primary neuron in the pain and temp path one spinal level before it synapses in the dorsal horn with the secondary neuron.

Front 75

ventral white commissure

Back 75

decussation of the axon of the second neuron in the pain and temp path

Front 76

lateral spinothalamic tract

Back 76

ascent of the axon of the second neuron in the pain and temp pathway

Front 77

dorsal white column

Back 77

ascent of the axon of the primary neuron in the pressure and crude touch pathway. the axon may ascend up to ten segments before it enters into the dorsal horn to synapse

Front 78

ventral spinothalamic tract

Back 78

ascent of the axon of the second neuron in teh pressure and crude tough path

Front 79

dorsal white column

Back 79

ascent of teh axon of the primary neuron in the proprioception, fine touch, vibratory sense pathway. a combo of the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculs cuneatus

Front 80

Fasciculus graciliis

Back 80

Ascent of the axon of the primary neurons originating in the lower body (below T6) in the proprioception, fine touch, vibratory sense pathway.

Front 81

fasciculus cuneatus

Back 81

ascent of the axon of the primary neurons originating in the upper body (above T6) in the proprioception, fine touch, vibratory sense pathway

Front 82

Ascent of the axon of the primary neurons originating in the lower body (below T6) in the proprioception, fine touch, vibratory sense pathway.

Back 82

fasciculus gracilis

Front 83

where do all lower motor neurons below the head start

Back 83

in the ventral horn of the SC

Front 84

do all motor pathways make use of the same lower motor neurons or different ones?

Back 84

same

Front 85

where do all sensory neurons below the head start?

Back 85

dorsal root ganglion

Front 86

where do all sensory neurons below the head start?

Back 86

dorsal root ganglion

Front 87

where do all sensory neurons below the head start?

Back 87

dorsal root ganglion

Front 88

what is the largest sympathetic ganglion

Back 88

the celiac ganglion. located on either side of the celiac trunk (main artery branching off of aorta in peritoneal cavity) receives the greater splanichnic nerve

Front 89

where does the brachial plexus emerge bet. (2 muscles)

Back 89

anterior and middle scalene muscles

AM's

Front 90

if you destroyed the medial cord of brachial plexus what would pt primary complaint be

Back 90

sensory loss down medial ventral arm and if asked to flex wrist they would likely radially deviate

Front 91

what happens if you damage the thoracodorsal nerve

Back 91

likely lack of shoulder extension.

Front 92

what happens if you damage the thoracodorsal nerve

Back 92

likely lack of shoulder extension.

Front 93

what are the two networks of neurons/ systemsn in the enteric nervous system and what are their functions

Back 93

myenteric=mvt
submucosal= regulating chemical environment, blood flow, cell fcn.

Front 94

of the entire nervous system which is self regulating, ANS or CNS

Back 94

ANS

Front 95

how does the first neuron of the peripheral component of the sympathetic nervous system exit the ventral ramus to enter the sympathetic trunk or chain?

Back 95

via the white ramus communicantes

Front 96

what ganglion supplies all symp innervation to the head and throat

Back 96

superior cervical ganglion

Front 97

what ganglion supplies all symp innervation to the head and throat

Back 97

superior cervical ganglion

Front 98

the splanchnic nerves (which are the ones that go thru the symp chain gang without synapsing there and keep travelling out) will synapse with which three ganglia that are assd with arteries

Back 98

celiac, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric.

Front 99

the splanchnic nerves (which are the ones that go thru the symp chain gang without synapsing there and keep travelling out) will synapse with which three ganglia that are assd with arteries

Back 99

celiac, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric.

Front 100

2 main diffs bet. the parasymp and symp

Back 100

the parasymp have long pregang path and short postgang.
also the parasymp arises from four cranial nerves only the pelvid parasymps arise from the spinal cord

Front 101

which artery supplies blood to the contents of the orbit and what does it anastamose with

Back 101

ophthalmic artery coming off of the internal carotid, anastamoses with facial artery

Front 102

which artery supplies blood to the contents of the orbit and what does it anastamose with

Back 102

ophthalmic artery coming off of the internal carotid, anastamoses with facial artery

Front 103

circle of willis

Back 103

ACA-anterior cerebral A
AComm-anterior communicating
MCA-middle cerebral
PComm-post. communicating
PCA-post cerebral A

Front 104

circle of willis

Back 104

ACA-anterior cerebral A
AComm-anterior communicating
MCA-middle cerebral
PComm-post. communicating
PCA-post cerebral A

Front 105

what are the two components of the blood brain barrier

Back 105

blood/CS fluid and the arachnoid barrier layer

Front 106

what are the two components of the blood brain barrier

Back 106

blood/CS fluid and the arachnoid barrier layer

Front 107

why are problems with arteries in the brain more common and more of a big deal

Back 107

bc A's are under much more pressure so if rupture blood evrywhere and puts presure on brain.

Front 108

what's special about the veins in the brain

Back 108

they don't contain valves so blood flows in every direction

Front 109

where do the superficial veins of brain live, what do they drain and what do they drain into.
what about the deep veins?

Back 109

superficial: in subarachnoid space, drain cortex, then go into nearest dural sinus.

deep: drain internal brain, drain into great cerebral vein (of galen), which drains into straight sinus which enters dural sinus.

Front 110

all sensory pathways follow four neurons in the general somatic sensory (afferent) pathways of the body, what are they

Back 110

1. primary neuron has its cell body in the dorsal root ganglion
2. secondary neuron synnapses in the VPL (ventral postero-lateral nucleus) of the thalamus
3.tertiary neuron travels from thalamus to the post central gyrus
4. fourth neuron exists in the post central gyrus.