4. Neuroanatomy Continued

Front 1

4 Cortical Lobes

Back 1

1. frontal lobe (motor)
2. parietal lobe (somatosensory)
3. occipital lobe (vision)
4. temporal lobe (hearing, smell, and memory)

Front 2

Sylvian fissure

Back 2

Separates the temporal and the parietal lobe

Front 3

Central sulcus

Back 3

separates the front and the parietal lobe

Front 4

Precentral gyrus

Back 4

first gyrus right before the central sulcus, large part of motor cortex

Front 5

Postcentral gyrus

Back 5

first gyrus right after the central sulcus, important for somatosensory - touch

Front 6

Cerebellum

Back 6

also known as the "little brain," hangs off the back

Front 7

Olfactory bulb

Back 7

off frontal lobe, smell

Front 8

6 subdivision of the CNS

Back 8

FOREBRAIN:
1. telencephalon
2. diencephalon

MIDBRAIN
3. Mesencephalon

HINDBRAIN
4. Metencephalon
5. Myelencephalon (medulla)

6. spinal cord

Front 9

Telencephalon

Back 9

Cortex:
- higher-order function
- includes cortical lobes and corprus callosum

Basal ganglia:
- movement
- caudate, putamen, globus, pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra

Limbic system
- emotion, learning, and memory
- hippocampus, cingulate cortex

Front 10

Diencephalon

Back 10

Thalamus
- sensory/motor relays, anything to do with motor movement and senses

Hypothalamus
-homeostasis "master gland," physiological balance

Front 11

Mesencephalon (midbrain)

Back 11

Superior colliculi: visual information

Inferior colliculi: auditory information

Front 12

Metencephalon

Back 12

Cerebellum (little brain): balance and motor movement

Pons: sensory and motor nuclei

Front 13

Myelencephalon

Back 13

Medulla oblongata
- vital bodily functions: respiration, heartbeat, etc.
- very well myelinated

Front 14

Spinal cord

Back 14

Relay of sensory and motor nerves, which are in the periphery coming off the spinal cord

Front 15

Support systems that nourish and protect the brain and spinal cord

Back 15

- ventricular system
- meninges

Front 16

Ventricular system

Back 16

cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) filled space in the brain nourish and protect

4 ventricles
- lateral ventricles (one on each side)
- 3rd ventricle
- 4th centricle

Front 17

Meninges

Back 17

3 protective layers of tissue that protect brain and spinal cord

in order from outside to inside:
1. dura: "hard mother," tough, leathery outer part
2. arachnoid: cushion layer
3. pia mater: "pious mother"

meningitis is the inflammation of the meninges

Front 18

Anatomy of a neuron

Back 18

integration zone: cell body

input zone: dendrites

conduction zone: axon

output zone: axon terminals

Front 19

Neuronal doctrine

Back 19

Ramon y Cajal

CNS composed of separate cells, distinct structurally, metabolically, and functionally

Front 20

Principle of dynamic polarization

Back 20

electrical signals within a neuron flow in only one direction

Front 21

principle of connectional specificity

Back 21

neurons DO NOT connect indiscriminately (i.e., they do not form random networks)

Front 22

synapse

Back 22

point at which two neurons communicate

presynaptic cell -> synaptic cleft -> postsynaptic cell

presynaptic membrane contains vesicles, which hold neurotransmitters

postsynaptic membrane (dendrites) contains receptors (proteins to accept ntx message)

Front 23

axon hillock

Back 23

where the axon originates from the soma

Front 24

nodes of ranvier

Back 24

gaps between segments of myelin sheath where axon membrane is exposed

Front 25

axon collaterals

Back 25

branch of axon from single neuron

Front 26

axon terminal

Back 26

end of axon and forms presynaptic contact

Front 27

axon transport

Back 27

process; transportation of material from cell body to axon and vice-versa

Front 28

dendrites

Back 28

extensions from soma that are receptive surfaces of postsynaptic neuron

Front 29

dendritic spine

Back 29

thorny-like outgrowth from dendrite (dynamic)

Front 30

3 types of neurons

Back 30

neurons come in diff shapes/sizes

1. monopolar
- single extension (axon) but branches in two directions after leaving cell body (i.e., sensory nerve)

2. bipolar
- single dendrite at one end of cell body and single axon at other end (i.e., retina)

3. multipolar
- many dendirtes and a single axon (most common)

Front 31

glial cell types

Back 31

astrocytes
- star shaped with numerous processes
- support nerve cell and synapses (not excitable)

migroglia
- small, extend and withdraw process in response to injury/infection

oligodendrocytes
- myelinate neurons of CNS

schwann cell
- myelinate neurons of the PNS

Front 32

vasculature of CNS (major arteries)

Back 32

- anterior cerebral artery (front part of brain)
- middle cerebral artery (temporal lobes and lateral parts of front lobes)
- posterior cerebral artery (occipital cortex and cerebellum)
* if you had blockage in any arteries, it would effect corresponding parts of the brain (to which they supply blood)

Front 33

Stroke types

Back 33

1. ischemic stroke
- blood vessel in brain BLOCKED

2. hemorrhagic stroke
- blood vessel in brain RUPTURED (aneurysm: type where vessel ballons and weakens)