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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Most common excitatory neurotransmitter in CNS?
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Glutamate
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Most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in CNS?
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GABA; glutamate-aminobutyric acid
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Main transmitter at neuromuscular junctions in the PNS?
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Acetylcholine
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Glutamate receptors and main action (3)
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AMPA/kainate - Excitatory neurotransmission
NMDA - Modulation of synaptic plasticity Metabotropic - Activation of second messenger systerms |
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In regards to where white matter vs gray matter is found in: cerebral hemispheres, spinal cord, brainstem
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Cerebral hemispheres - Gray on outside, white on inside
Spinal cord - Opposite is true Brain stem- More mixed but most of outside surface is white matter |
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What is white matter vs gray matter?
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White matter is mainly myelinated axons while gray matter is mostly cell bodies
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Dorsal nerve roots
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Mostly afferent sensory information into dorsal spinal cord
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Ventral nerve roots
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Mainly efferent motor signals from ventral spinal cord
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Where is the spinal cord thicker? Why?
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Brachial plexus and lumbosacral plexus because movement of arms and legs requires more signal flow. These areas have increased gray matter
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Sympathetic division arises from?
Parasympathetic? |
Sympathetic T1-L3
Parasympathetic S2-S4 and cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X |
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The frontal lobes extend back to______ which separates it from the ______ lobe?
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The central sulcus of Ronaldo which separates it from the parietal lobe
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Frontal lobes are separated inferiorly and laterally from temporal lobes by?
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Sylvian (or lateral) fissure
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The primary motor cortex is where?
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In the precentral gyrus in the frontal lobe (controls opposite side of body)
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The primary somatosensory cortex is where?
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In the postcentral gyrus in the parietal lobe (gets information from opposite side of body)
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Corticospinal tract begins where? Crosses where?
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Begins in primary motor cortex and crosses over at the pyramidal decussation between the medulla and spinal cord
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Where do upper motor neurons synapse?
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Lower motor neurons which are located in the anterior horns of the central gray matter
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Lesions in the basal ganglia cause?
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Hypo and hyperkinetic movement disorders
(Parkinson's and Huntington's respectively) |
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Output of the motor system is refined in mulitple feedback systems, the 2 most important are located where?
Where do these project to? How? |
Cerebellum and basal ganglia, project back to the motor cortex via the thalmus
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What do posterior column pathways convey? Where does the pathway cross?
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Proprioception, vibration, and fine touch. Crosses (and synapses) in medulla.
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What do anterolateral pathways convey?
Where does the pathway cross? |
Temperature, pain, and crude touch (Crude T-Pain). Crosses (and synapses) in spine.
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Where are the primary sensory neuron cell bodies located?
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Outside of the CNS in the dorsal root ganglia
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The posterior column and anterolateral pathways synapse where before going to the primary somatosensory cortex?
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Thalmus
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What sensory inputs are the exception and do not pass through the thalmus?
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Olfactory inputs
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Wernicke's area is located where? A lesion here would cause?
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Dominant (usually left) hemisphere. Lesion here would cause deficits in language comprehension (receptive or sensory aphasia)
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Broca's area is located where? A lesion here would cause?
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Located in the frontal lobe in the left hemisphere. Lesion here causes deficits in production of language (expressive or motor aphasia)
"Broca's broken boca" |
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Gerstmann's syndrome
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Lesion in inferior parietal lobule in left hemisphere. Difficulty with calculations, right-left confusion, finger agnosia, difficulties with written language
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Apraxia
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Difficulty in motor conceptualization, planning and execution. From diffuse lesions of the cortex or sometimes more focal lesions affecting the frontal or left parietal lobe
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Lesions in the nondominant hemisphere of the parietal lobe cause?
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Distortion of perceived space and neglect of the contralateral side
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Primitive reflexes that are normal only in infants may arise in an adult with what?
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Frontal lobe lesion
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What forms the anterior blood supply to the brain? Posterior supple?
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Internal carotid arteries form the anterior blood supply and the vertebral arteries which join to form the basilar artery supply the posterior brain
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Venous drainage of the brain is provided almost entirely by?
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Internal jugular veins
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Myelin forming glial cells in the CNS? In the PNS?
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In the CNS they are oligodendrocytes
In the PNS they are Schwann cells |
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The primary auditory cortex is composed of what and located where?
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Composed of the transverse gyri of Heschl which are located in the inside the Sylvian fissure of the superior surface of each temporal lobe
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The primary visual cortex is where?
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In the occipital lobes along the banks of a deep sulcus called the calcarine fissure
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The right primary visual cortex is in charge of seeing what?
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The left visual fields of both eyes
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What are the cell layers of the neocortex?
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I Molecular
II Small pyramidal III Medium pyramidal IV Granular V large pyramidal VI polymorphic |
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Which layer receives inputs from thalmus?
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IV Granular layer
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Which layer sends outputs to subcortical structures (other than the thalmus)?
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V Large pyramidal layer
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Which layer sends outputs to thalmus?
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VI polymorphic layer
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Which layers are the neurons in that project mainly to other sites of the cortex?
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II & III small and medium pyramidal layers
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Location and function of limbic system?
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Located near the medial edge of the cerebral cortex.
Regulates emotions, memory, appetitive drives and autonomic and neuroendocrine control |
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Lesion in the limbic system?
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Difficulty forming new memories
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Lesion in frontal lobe?
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Frontal release signs (primitive reflexes), perseverate (repeat same action over and over), personality changes, abulic (stare passively, slow to respond to commands), MAGNETIC GAIT, urinary incontinence
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Lesion in visual cortex?
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Prosopagnosia (inability to recognize faces), palinopsia (reappearance of object viewed earlier), achromatopsia (inability to recognize colors)
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