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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What structure joins the right and left hemisphere?
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The corpus callosum
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What is a sulcus?
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the valley-like structures of the brain
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What are the 3 major categories of neurotransmitters?
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Monoamines
Acytocholines Peptides |
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What is the superior surface of the temporal lobe called?
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planum temporale
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What is the name of the gyrus that surrounds the upper brain stem?
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Parahippocampal gyrus
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Where is Wernicke's area located?
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in the Left Temporal lobe inferior to the Lateral sulcus and super to the Middle Temporal Gyrus- posterior portion of the superior temperal gyrus
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Where is the primary motor strip?
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in the precentral gyrus between the central sulcus and the precentral sulcus
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What is a neurotransmitter?
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variety of chemical substances that assist in the regulation of brain fxn. including motor, cognitive, language, speech, hearing, moods, attention, memory, personality, motivation, and overall homeostasis of the brain- allow neurons to communicate with each other- assist impulses across a synapse
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What are monoamines?
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category of neurotransmitters derived from amino acids (proteins) - 4 types include dopamine, norepinephrine, seratonin, and GABA
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What is dopamine?
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facilitative neurotransmitter found primarily in the brain stem- substantia nigra sends dopamine to structures in the brain (caudate nucleus, basal ganglia, and putomen)- interferes with fxn. of motor movement
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What is a lack of dopamine lead to?
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Parkinson's disease- the substantia nigra is degenerated
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What is norepinephrine?
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found in the pons and medulla oblingota- helps to trigger impulses to cross synapse- connects to alot of places in the brain (thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, spinal cord, cortex,. . .)- also maintains vigilance, attention, and awareness
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What is Serotonin?
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important in CNS- also located in GI tract, PNS, blood platelets to produce clotting- related to sleep/wake cycles, arousal, clinical depression, and mood
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What is GABA?
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inhibitory neurotransmitter- found throughout NS- hippocampus, cortex of cerebrum, cerebellum, basal ganglia, substantia nigra, thalamus- selectively inhibits synapses in CNS
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What are consequences of imbalanced neurotransmitters?
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Movement disorders- Huntington's disease and Parkinson's
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What are Acetylcholines?
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primary CNS neurotransmitter- gets released into synapses- gets destroyed by acetylcholinasterase- this allows for repetitive impulses to be effective w/ their interactions w/ muscle fibers
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What is the disorder of Acetylocholine?
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Myathenia Gravis- without muscle strength or severe muscle weakness- when acetylcholinasterase isn't breaking down the acetylcholine
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What are Peptides?
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less well defined- chemicals that act like neurotransmitters- allow a single synapse to fxn in multiple effects- also acts as an opiate to manage pain
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What divides the 2 hemispheres?
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Medial Longitudinal Fissure
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What are the boundaries of the Frontal Lobe?
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posterior- Central Sulcus
inferior- Lateral Sulcus |
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What are the boundaries of the Temporal Lobe?
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superior- Lateral Sulcus and arbitrary line between inferior of parietal lobe and posterior of temporal lobe
posterior- arbitrary line between anterior of occipital lobe and posterior of temporal lobe |
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What are the boundaries of the Parietal Lobe?
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anterior- Central Sulcus
posterior- parieto-occipital sulcus inferior- lateral sulcus |
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What are the boundaries of the Occipital Lobe?
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anterior- arbitrary line at parieto-occipital sulcus to pre-occipital notch
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What is the calcarine fissure?
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it's surrounded by the primary visual cortex- in posterior occipital lobe
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Where is the Temporal Pole?
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the most anterior point in the temporal lobe
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Where is the Occipital Pole?
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the most posterior point in the occipital lobe
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Where is the frontal pole?
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the most anterior point on the frontal lobe
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Where is Broca's Area found?
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on the precentral gyrus (primary motor strip)- only on the Left hemisphere- anterior to central sulcus and posterior to precentral sulcus on frontal lobe
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Where is the supramarginal gyrus?
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it wraps around the posterior portion of the Lateral sulcus
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Where is the primary sensory strip found?
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on the postcentral gyrus in the parietal lobe- between the central sulcus and postcentral sulcus
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Where is the angular gyrus located?
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in the inferior/posterior portion of the parietal lobe- posterior to the supramarginal gyrus
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Where is Wernicke's Area located?
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Left hemisphere- posterior portion of the superior temporal gyrus- inferior to the lateral sulcus
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What happens when you reflect the lateral sulcus?
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you expose the Island of Reil (insula)- also, the superior surface of superior temporal gyrus is exposed -> Planum Temporale- on the most superior portion of the Planum Temporale is Heschl's gyrus (primary auditory cortex)- neural fibers go from inside of cochlea
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What is the vertex?
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the edge where the lateral surface descends down into the medial lateral fissure
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Where is the cingulated gyrus found?
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it arches over the corpus callosum within the medial longitudinal fissure
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Where is the pituitary gland found?
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Rests on the sella tursica- posterior to the optic chiasm
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Where is the parahippocampal gyrus located?
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on the inferior medial surface of the brain- wraps around the brain stem
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Where is the substantia nigra located?
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in the upper brain stem- also produces dopamine
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What is the optic chiasm?
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X shaped structure where the optic nerve and tract cross
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What is the olfactory tract?
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inferior region of frontal lobe- olfactory bulb at the end of the tract
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What are the parts of the brain stem?
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Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
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