Neuroanatomy And Neurophysiologic Bases Of Communication

Front 1

What are the potential spaces in the meninges?

Back 1

The subpial, epidural, and subdural spaces.

Front 2

What is the only real space in the meninges and what is found there?

Back 2

Subarachnoid space- filled with CSF and arachnoid trabeculae- connects arachnoid layer and pia mater

Front 3

What are the meningeal layers and their real/potential spaces starting at the calvaria?

Back 3

Calvaria
Epidural space (potential)
Dura Mater (periosteal external layer and meningeal internal layer)
Subdural Space (potential)
Arachnoid Layer
Subarachnoid Space (real)
Pia Mater
Subpial space (potential)
Brain!

Front 4

What happens during a subdural hemotoma?

Back 4

There is bleeding or hemoraging underneath the dura mater- subdural space fills with blood and seperates the layers

Front 5

What fissures divide the brain?

Back 5

Medial longitudinal fissure- seperates the hemispheres
Transverse fissure- seperates occipital lobe

Front 6

What is the falx cerebri?

Back 6

the part of the meningeal layer that descends into the medial longitudinal fissure from anterior to posterior- anchored to the crista galli and ridges in the posterior cranial fossa- stabilized by tentorium cerebelli

Front 7

What is the tentorium cerebelli?

Back 7

dural infolding that folds into the transverse fissure beneath the occipital lobe- divides cranial cavity into supratentorial and subtentorial compartments- anchored on sides to petrous layers of temporal lobe

Front 8

What is the falx cerebelli?

Back 8

dural infolding in the subtentorial compartment that is attached to the tentorium cerebelli and the foramen magnum

Front 9

What are the built in protective mechanisms of the brain?

Back 9

The falx cerebri damps twisting of the brain stem. The arachnoid layer contains CSF that absorbs energy when hit by an impact.

Front 10

What happens during a skull fracture?

Back 10

The meningeal layers are torn apart leaking CSF from the subarachnoid space from the nose or ear- very dangerous! allows bacteria into the brain

Front 11

What is the brain made up of?

Back 11

Billions of Neural cells which are the basic fxnal units of the CNS

Front 12

What are the 2 types of Neural cells?

Back 12

Neurons and Glial cells- together they make up the structure of the CNS and are responsible for its fxn

Front 13

What does the meninges surround?

Back 13

The brain and the spinal cord

Front 14

What are Neurons and what is their structure?

Back 14

neural cells w/ a particular structure- transmits electrochemical impulses
3 parts include body (soma), axons, and dendrites

Front 15

What is the cell body made up of?

Back 15

membrane, nucleus (the control center for the cells activity- contains DNA and nucleolus-> responsible for RNA and protein synthesis), and cytoplasm (made up of protein and protein molecules- enclosed by cell membrane- organelles are found here that metabolize protein to support cell growth and maintain viability)

Front 16

What are axons?

Back 16

Nerve fibers that make up nerves when bundled together- they're projections off the cell body from the axon hillock that carry nerve impulses away from the cell body (efferent)

Front 17

What is the structure of an axon?

Back 17

Cell body-> axon hillock-> axon-> telodendria-> terminal bouton (contains synaptic vesicles and neurotransmitters) -> synaptic cleft

Front 18

What are some ways that synapses can happen?

Back 18

Axo-axonic, axo-dendritic, axosomatic, dendrodendritic, En passon, . . .

Front 19

What part of a neuron is coated in myelin?

Back 19

the axons- unless they are naked cells which are found in the cerebral cortex, brain, and spinal cord

Front 20

Why is grey matter greyish in color?

Back 20

b/c it's made up of unmyelinated cells

Front 21

What are dendrites?

Back 21

antena-like projections off the cell body- afferent= carry impulses towards the cell body- they are receptors with dendritic spikes that receive synaptic input

Front 22

What do the dendritic branchings do?

Back 22

increase surface area of cells

Front 23

Do all neurons have the same appearance or chemical fxn?

Back 23

No- there are unipolar, bipolar, primary sensory, motor sensory, gogli type 1, and golgi type 2

Front 24

What are glial cells?

Back 24

The most common/numerous of neural cells- 50:1 ratio to neurons- support and protect neural cells- don't take part in electric impulses

Front 25

What are the 4 types of glial cells?

Back 25

1. Astrocytes
2. Oligodendrocytes
3. Microglia
4. Ependymal

Front 26

What are astrocytes?

Back 26

predominating cell type in white matter- provide skeletal support for neurons- regulate chemical composition and metabolism- they seal cavities and form cysts or glial scars to help in recovery (astrocytoma)

Front 27

What are Oligodendrocytes?

Back 27

they help form/maintain CNS myelin sheets around axons- one produces enough myelin for 25 other cells in the CNS- oligodendrocytoma (brain tumor)

Front 28

What are Microglia?

Back 28

act as phagocytes to consume cell debree- also support skeletal framework of CNS

Front 29

What are Ependymals?

Back 29

they line the cavities of the ventricular system- also direct cell migration in fetal brain development

Front 30

What are organizations of cell bodies called outside of the CNS?

Back 30

Ganglion

Front 31

What are clusters of cell bodies called inside of the CNS?

Back 31

Nucleus (unmyelinated)

Front 32

What are nerve fibers clustered together outside of the CNS called?

Back 32

Nerve (myelinated)

Front 33

What are nerve fibers clustered together inside of the CNS called?

Back 33

Tract (myelinated)