Neuroanatomy

Front 1

Embryogical Development of CNS

Back 1

Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon
Spinal Cord

Front 2

Proencephalon

Back 2

Cortex
White Matter
Limbic System
Basal Ganglia

Front 3

Diencephalon

Back 3

Thalamus
Hypothalamus

Front 4

Mesencephalon

Back 4

Cerebral Peduncles
Midbrain Tectum (Superior and Inferior Colliculi)
Midbrain Tegmentum

Front 5

Rhombencephalon

Back 5

Metencephalon (Pons & Cerebellum)

Myelencephalon (Medulla)

Front 6

Multipolar Neurons

Back 6

Several axons and several dendrites

Front 7

Bipolar Neurons

Back 7

Single axon and single dendrite

Front 8

Unipolar Neurons

Back 8

One process with an axon and dendrite

Front 9

Glutamate

Back 9

Excitatory in entire CNS

Front 10

GABA

Back 10

Inhibitory in entire CNS

Front 11

Acetycholine

Back 11

Excitatory in PNS and CNS
Decreased in AD
Increased in Movement Dis

Front 12

Norepinephrine

Back 12

In the sympathetic ganglia

Front 13

Dopamine

Back 13

Too little = movement disorder
Too much = psychiatric issues such as Schizophrenia, ADHD, and TD

Front 14

Serotonin

Back 14

Mood disorders
Excites motor
Inhibits sensory

Front 15

Histamine

Back 15

Excitatory

Front 16

Glycine

Back 16

Inhibitory

Front 17

In the spinal cord, white matter is_____and gray matter is_____.

Back 17

Outside, Inside

Front 18

Pathways toward the CNS

Back 18

Afferent

Front 19

Pathways away from the CNS

Back 19

Efferent

Front 20

Sensory information typically run

Back 20

Dorsally

Front 21

Motor neurons typically run

Back 21

Ventrally

Front 22

Segments of the spinal cord from top to bottom

Back 22

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral

Front 23

Cervical Enlargement

Back 23

Due to the increased need for gray matter and contol of ARMS.

Front 24

Lumbosacral Enlartement

Back 24

Due to the increased need for grey matter and control of the LEGS.

Front 25

Divisions of the PNS

Back 25

Sympathetic (fight or flight) @ Thoracic and Lumbar
Parasympathetic (rest or digest) @ Cranial and Sacral

Front 26

1st level of neocortex

Back 26

Molecular Layer - made of dendrites and axons from other layers

Front 27

2nd level of neocortex

Back 27

Small Payramidal Layer - Cortical-cortical connections

Front 28

3rd level of neocortex

Back 28

Medium Pyramidal Layer - Corical-cortical connections

Front 29

4th level of neocortex

Back 29

Granular Layer - Receives inputs from thalamus

Front 30

5th level of neocortex

Back 30

Large Pyramidal Layer - Sends outputs to subcortical structures (other than thalamus)

Front 31

6th level of neocortex

Back 31

Polymorphic Layer - sends outputs to thalamus

Front 32

Where does the pyramidal decussation occur?

Back 32

B/t the medulla and the spinal cord.

Front 33

Motor lesions above the decussation cause _______ weakness.

Back 33

Contralateral

Front 34

Motor lesions below the decussation cause _______ weakness.

Back 34

Ipsalateral

Front 35

Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia

Back 35

Receive major inputs from the motor cortex and project back via the thalamus.

Front 36

Hypokenetic movements

Back 36

Parkinson's

Front 37

Hyperkenetic movements

Back 37

Huntington's

Front 38

Somatic sensation

Back 38

Conscious perception of touch, pain, temp, vibration, and proprioception.

Front 39

Two main somatosensory pathways...

Back 39

Posterior column - proprioception, vibration, and fine touch.
Anterolateral - pain, temp., and crude touch.

Front 40

Posterior/Dorsal Column Pathway

Back 40

1. Enters dorsal root and travels up colunm.
2. Crosses over at medulla and travels to thalamus.
3. Thalamus to sensory cortex.

Front 41

Anterolateral Pathway

Back 41

1. Sensory neuron synapses in gray matter and crosses over right away.
2. Ascend in Anterolateral white matter (spinothalamic tract).
3. Thalamus to sensory cortex.

Front 42

Thalamus process all sensory information except...

Back 42

Olfactory

Front 43

Cranial Nerve 1

Back 43

Olfactory Nerve - Olfaction

Front 44

Cranial Nerve 2

Back 44

Optic Nerve - Vision

Front 45

Cranial Nerve 3

Back 45

Occulomotor Nerve - Eye muscles (pupil constriction and lens for near vision)

Front 46

Cranial Nerve 4

Back 46

Trochlear Nerve - Superior oblique muscle (moves eye down and rotate inward)

Front 47

Cranial Nerve 5

Back 47

Trigeminal Nerve - (1) Jaw muscle and (2) sensory of face, mouth, sinuses, and meninges.

Front 48

Craninal Nerve 6

Back 48

Abducens Nerve - Outward movement of eye.

Front 49

Crainal Nerve 7

Back 49

Facial Nerve - (1) Muscles of facial expression (2) sensory of taste.

Front 50

Crainal Nerve 8

Back 50

Vestibulocochlear Nerve - Vestibular and hearing.

Front 51

Crainal Nerve 9

Back 51

Glossopharyngeal Nerve - (1) Motor for tounge, tonsil, pharnyx (2) Sensory for the same.

Front 52

Cranial Nerve 10

Back 52

Vegus Nerve - (1) Swollowing, voicebox, heart, lungs, and digestive tract (2) Sensory for taste and same as motor.

Front 53

Cranial Nerve 11

Back 53

Spinal Accessory Nerve - Sternomastoid muscle and upper trapezius

Front 54

Cranial Nerve 12

Back 54

Hypoglossal Nerve - Tounge muscles

Front 55

Unimodal Association Cortex

Back 55

Analyzes on modality

Front 56

Heteromodal Association Cortex

Back 56

Integrates functions from several modalities

Front 57

Gerstmann's Syndrome

Back 57

Left inferior parietal lobe - acalucla, left-right confusion, finger anosia, and written expression

Front 58

Hemineglect

Back 58

Usually damage to right parietal lobe - agnosia for left visual field. Possible anosognosia for left side.

Front 59

Frontal Release Signs

Back 59

Grasp
Root
Suck
Snout

Front 60

Achromatopsia

Back 60

Lesion in visual association cortex - cannot name colors.

Front 61

Palinopsia

Back 61

Lesion in visual association cortex - persistence or reappearance of an object viewed earlier.