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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does the CNS consist of? |
The brain and the spinal cord |
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What does the PNS consist of? |
Cranial and spinal nerves that contain both sensory and motor fibers |
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What are the two basic types of nerve cells? |
1. Neurons 2. Neuroglia |
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What are neurons? |
The functional unit of nervous system |
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What do neurons consist of? |
1. Cell body 2. Dendrites 3. Axons |
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What is the function of the cell body? |
1. process information 2. Contains nucleus and cellular organelles 3. Synthesizing proteins and supporting functional activities
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What are the functions of the dendrites? |
1. receives information 2. transfers it to next cell body 3. Brings impulses into cell body from other neurons |
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What are the functions of the axon? |
1. Sends the message
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What cell produces myelin? |
Schwann cells |
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Describe myelin: |
1. Made up of lipids and proteins 2. Appear white 3. Electrical insulator 4. Increases speeds of conduction of nerve impulses
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Gray matter |
1. area that contains large numbers of nerve cell bodies and dendrites |
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White matter |
1. Myelinated processes 2. Axons |
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Describe white and gray matter in the spinal cord |
The gray matter forms an H shaped inner core surrounded by white matter |
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Describe the white and gray matter in the brain |
A thin outer shell of gray matter covers the surface and below is the white matter |
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Sensory neurons |
1. AKA afferent neurons 2. Receive sensory input 3. Transmit info to CNS |
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Motor neurons |
1. AKA efferent neurons 2. send motor nerve impulses to muscles and glands to produce movement |
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Sensory tracts carry info which way? |
Ascend the spinal cord towards brain |
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Motor tracts carry info which way? |
Descend from brain to spinal cord |
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Growth of the brain occurs when? |
1. From 1 to 2 years old 2. Rapid increase due to increase size of neurons, growth of neuroglia. |
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Aging of brain occurs when? |
1. brain weight declines until only 93% of original weight by age 80. 2. Starts in early adulthood
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Dura mater |
(outermost layer) adheres to the cranium |
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Arachnoid |
Middle layer |
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Pia mater |
(innermost layer) adheres to the brain |
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How much CSF is in the brain? |
80-150 mL |
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What are the functions of the CSF? |
1. Mechanical protection-floats brain & softens impact 2. Chemical protection- optimal ionic concentrations 3. Circulation-nutrients and waste products |
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What is the band of white matter connecting the left and right cerebral hemispheres? |
Corpus callosum |
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What causes the folds of the brain? |
The brain grew so quickly that it formed folds and grooves |
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What are the depressions of the brain called? |
Sulci |
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What are the ridges of the brain called? |
Gyri |
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What are some functions of the LEFT hemisphere? |
1. Verbal or analytical side 2. Processes info in a sequential, organized, and linear manner 3. Language is produce and processed 4. Recognize words and comprehension of reading 5. Mathematical calculations 6. Positive emotions 7. Sequencing and performing of movements |
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What are some functions of the RIGHT hemisphere? |
1. Nonverbal and artistic abilities 2. process info in holistic fashion 3. General concepts 4. Visual-perceptual functions 5. Nonverbal communication 6. Mathematical reasoning and judgement |
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What is the Frontal Lobe responsible for? |
1. Voluntary control of muscles 2. Cognitive functions (judgement, awareness, attention, abstract thinking, mood, aggression) 3. Broca's area (speech) |
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What is the parietal lobe responsible for? |
1. Sensory info is processed and meaning is attached 2. Sensory homunculus 3. Short term memory functions |
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What is the temporal lobe responsible for? |
1. Wernicke's area-hear and comprehend spoken language 2. Visual perception 3. Musical discrimination 4. Long term memory |
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What is the occipital lobe responsible for? |
1. Visual info
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What is the Diencephalon? |
Where sensory, visual, and auditory pathways synapse |
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What components make up the Diencephalon? |
1. Thalamus 2. Hypothalamus
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What is the function of the thalamus? |
Organizes sensory impulses(except smell) |
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What are the functions of the hypothalamus |
1. Regulates homeostasis (controls automatic functions) |
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What is the function of the Basal Ganglia? |
Regulation of posture and muscle tone Control volitional and automatic movement |
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What your Basal Ganglia was impaired, what disease would you have? |
Parkinson's |
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What does the limbic system do? |
Controls primitive emotional reactions(rage and fear) Guides emotions that regulate behavior |
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What are the functions of the cerebellum |
1. Controls balance and complex muscular movements 2. Responsible for execution of multijoint movements 3. Regulates muscle contractions 4. Monitors movement requested vs movement performed |
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What are the functions of the midbrain? |
Reflex centers for visual, auditory, and tactile responses |
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What are the functions of the pons? |
Reflex center-orientation of head Regulates breathing rate with help from medulla |
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What are the functions of the medulla? |
1. Control center for heart and respiration rates 2. Reflex centers for vomiting, sneezing, and swallowing 3. Motor sensory nuclei for neck and mouth region are here |
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What is the reticular formation? |
Scattered nuclei in the medulla, pons, and midbrain |
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What are the functions of the reticular activating system? |
1. Alerts cerebral cortex to sensory signal to awaken from sleep 2. Maintains consciousness and helps keep you awake 3. Maintain muscle tone |
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How far down the spine does the spinal cord go? |
To L1(after that it's called cauda equina) |
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Is the spinal cord covered by the same protective meninges as the brain? |
Yes! |
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Tracts |
a group of nerve fibers that are similar in origin, destination, and function |
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Inside the spinal cord, the dorsal/posterior horns are responsible for transmitting what kind of stimuli? |
sensory |
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Inside the spinal cord, the anterior/ventral horns are responsible for transmitting what kind of stimuli? |
Motor |
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Inside the spinal cord, the lateral horns are responsible for what? |
processing autonomic info |
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What is the name of the primary motor pathway? |
Corticospinal tract |
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Where does the corticospinal tract begin at? |
Frontal lobe |
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What is the common indicator of corticospinal tract damage? |
Positive Babinski sign |
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Describe the Babinski test |
Blunt object runs along the lateral border of the pt foot from heel to ball of foot then over to big toe. |
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Describe a positive Babinski test |
When the big toe extends and the other toes splay |
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What is the Muscle Spindle |
Sensory organ in the muscle. Fibers respond to length and speed of lengthening |
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Where do the spinal nerves exit? |
The intervertebral foramen |
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Do spinal nerves divide into 2 primary rami? |
Yes, dorsal(innervates paravertebral muscles, overlying skin, and posterior aspects of vertebrae) and ventral (innervates intercostal muscles, the muscles and skin in the extremities, and anterior and lateral trunk) |
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What are the five primary nerves of the brachial plexus? |
1. axillary 2. radial 3. median 4. ulnar 5. musculocutaneous |
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What are the six primary nerves of the lumbosacral plexus? |
1. obturator, femoral, superior gluteal, inferior gluteal, common peroneal and tibial |
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What are the functions of the autonomic nervous system? |
1. Regulates circulation, respiration, digestion, metabolism, secretion, body temp, and reproduction 2. Regulates motor neurons that innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
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What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system? |
1. Sympathetic 2. Parasympathetic
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Describe the Sympathetic Nervous System |
Responds to stressful situations. Activation causes vasoconstriction |
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Describe the parasympathetic nervous system |
Maintains vital bodily functions or homeostasis. Activation causes vasodilation |
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Which nervous system can repair itself? CNS or PNS? |
PNS can repair dendrites and axons |
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What circumstances can the PNS be repaired? |
1. If the neuron cell body remains intact 2. Schwann cells remain active 3. Scar tissue does not form too rapidly |
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Olfactory Nerve |
Sense of smell |
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Optic Nerve |
Supplies vision |
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Oculomotor Nerve |
1. Raises eyelid 2. Innervates 4 extrinsic eye muscles 3. Innervates 2 intrinsic eye muscles 4. Constriction of pupil 5. Changes shape of lens during reading |
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Trochlear Nerve |
Adducts the eye |
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Trigeminal Nerve |
Motor portion-muscles of mastication Sensory portion- touch, pain, and temperature receptors on face |
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Abducens Nerve |
Abducts the eye |
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Facial Nerve |
Motor portion- facial muscles, salivary, nasal, and oral mucous glands and tears Sensory portion-taste buds on anterior 2/3s of tongue |
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Vestibulocochlear Nerve |
Cochlear branch-hearing Vestibular branch-sense of balance, vertigo, ataxia |
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Glossopharyngeal Nerve |
Secretions of parotid gland Somatic sensations and taste on posterior 1/3 of tongue Mm that lifts throat during swallowing |
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Vagus Nerve |
Receives sensations from viscera Controls cardiac muscle and smooth muscle of viscera Controls secretion of digestive fluids |
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Spinal Accessory Nerve |
Cranial portion-skeletal mm of throat and soft palate Spinal portion- SCN and trapezius mm |
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Hypoglossal nerve |
Controls mm of tongue during speech and swallowing |
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Mnemonic for Cranial Nerves |
Oh oh oh to touch and taste a girl's vagina, such heaven! |
