Neuroanatomy

Front 1

Corticospinal Tract

Back 1

Tract arises from the motor areas of the cerebral cortex and descends to the spinal cord

Front 2

Spinothalamic Tract

Back 2

Tract carries sensory information from the spinal cord to the thalamus

Front 3

Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscal Tract

Back 3

1. Tactile Discrimination
2. Vibration
3. Form Recognition
4. Joint/muscle Sensation
5. Conscious proprioception

Front 4

Components of the Basal Ganglia

Back 4

1. Caudate
2. Putamen
3. Globus Pallidus
4. Substantia Nigra
5. Subthalamus

Front 5

Components of the Limbic System

Back 5

1. Hippocampus
2. Amygdala
3. Hypothalamus
4. Fornix
5. Cingulate Gyrus
6. Mammillary Bodies
7. Cingulate Cortex
8. Nucleus Accumbens

Front 6

1st, 2nd, 3rd Order Neuron in DCML Pathway

Back 6

1. dorsal root ganglia

2. gracile & cuneate nuclei of caudal medulla -- terminate in ventral posterolateral nucleus of thalamus

3. located in VPL of thalamus -- project via posterior limb of internal capsule to somatosensory cortex

Front 7

1st, 2nd, 3rd Order Neuron of Spinothalamic Pathway

Back 7

1. dorsal root ganglia

2. dorsal horn

3. VPL nucleus of thalamus

Front 8

Why is the spinothalamic pathway also called the anterolateral system?

Back 8

After synapsing, 2nd order neurons will cross, decussate and ascend in the anterior lateral portion of the spinal cord.

Front 9

What type of information is carried in the spinothalamic pathway?

Back 9

1. Light Touch
2. Pain
2. Temperature

Front 10

What types of problems result from lesions in the spinothalamic pathway?

Back 10

Contralateral anaesthesia (loss of pain) and temperature.

Anaesthesia will normally begin 1-2 segments below the level of lesion, affecting all caudal body areas.

Front 11

What type of information is carried in the corticospinal tract?

Back 11

Somatic and visceral motor activities

Front 12

In which layer of the cerebral cortex do the first-order cells reside?

Back 12

Layer IV of the motor cortex

Front 13

What are the names of the specialized cells that project from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord?

Back 13

Upper Motor Neurons

Front 14

Where does the corticospinal pathway cross?

Back 14

pyramidal decussation (in the medulla)

Front 15

What are upper motor neurons?

Back 15

Motor neuron cells (and their axons) in the corticospinal tract that originate in the motor cortex

Front 16

What are lower motor neurons?

Back 16

Neurons of corticospinal tract
that leave the brain stem via motor cranial nerves

Front 17

Where does the corticospinal pathway terminate?

Back 17

Motor neurons

Front 18

What is the lateral corticospinal tract?

Back 18

Corticospinal fibers that cross over at the pyramidal decussation.

Front 19

What is the medial corticospinal tract?

Back 19

Corticospinal fibers that do not cross over.

Front 20

Where does the corticospinal pathway cross over?

Back 20

pyramidal decussation

Front 21

Difference between basal ganglia and cerebral cortex in motor control

Back 21

1. Cerebellum receives input only from the sensorimotor parts of the cortex, whereas the basal ganglia receive input from the entire cerebral cortex.

2. Cerebellum output goes only to the premotor and motor cortex, while the basal ganglia also project to the prefrontal association cortex.

3. Cerebellum has direct ties with the spinal cord and the brain stem. The basal ganglia have little connection to the brainstem, and no direct connections with the spinal cord.

Front 22

Where does major input into the basal ganglia come to?

Back 22

caudate & putamen

Front 23

Where is the major output of the basal ganglia?

Back 23

globus pallidus

Front 24

What is the globus pallidus?

Back 24

The major output of the basal ganglia

Front 25

What structures are involved in Huntington's Disease?

Back 25

Degeneration of neuronal cells:

* frontal lobes
* basal ganglia
* caudate nucleus

Front 26

What structures are involved in Parkinson's Disease?

Back 26

Loss of pigmented dopaminergic cells in the pars compacta region of the substantia nigra

These neurons project to the striatum and their loss leads to alterations in the activity of the neural circuits within the basal ganglia that regulate movement

Front 27

Why is the basal ganglia sometimes called the extrapyramidal system?

Back 27

It designated descending non-pyramidal afferents and their source

Front 28

Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease

Back 28

MOTOR SYMPTOMS:
* tremor
* rigidity
* bradykinesia
* imbalance

COGNITIVE SYMPTOMS:
* slowed reaction time
* dimentia
* short term memory loss
* depression

Front 29

Symptoms of Huntington's Disease

Back 29

* Speech problems
* Executive Functions
* Anxiety
* Depression
* Uncontrolled movement of lips
* Compulsivity

Front 30

Potential Treatment for Parkinson's Disease

Back 30

* L-DOPA
* DA agonists
* deep brain stimulation
* neural transplantation
* GDNF infusion into basal ganglia

Front 31

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

Back 31

Caused by bilateral ablation of anterior temporal lobe (aka amygdala and hippocampus)
* psychic blindness
* hyperphagia
* docility
* hypersexuality

Front 32

Korsakoff's Syndrome

Back 32

Damage to mamillary bodies and mediodorsal nucleus of thalamus
* damaged by alcoholism and B1 deficiency
* memory disturbances
* confabulation
* temporospatial disorientation

Front 33

Limbic System

Back 33

Anatomic substrate underlying behavioral and emotional expression

* plays a role in feeling, feeding, fighting, fleeing, and mating

* expressed through hypothalamus via autonomic nervous system

Front 34

Orbitofrontal Cortex

Back 34

Part of limbic system
* mediates conscious perception of smell

Front 35

Hippocampal formation

Back 35

Part of limbic system
* learning, memory, recognition of novelty
* projects major output via fornix
* receives major input via entorhinal cortex

Front 36

Amygdala

Back 36

Part of limbic system & basal ganglia
* produces activities associated with feeding and nutrition
* may cause rage and aggressive behavior

Front 37

What do lesions to the amygdala cause?

Back 37

* placidity
* hypersexual behavior
* hyperphagia
* psychic blindnes

Front 38

Amygdala receives information from:

Back 38

1. olfactory bulb and cortex
2. cerebral cortex (limbic and sensory association)
3. hypothalamus

Front 39

Amygdala sends information to:

Back 39

1. cerebral cortex (limbic and sensory association)
2. Hypothalamus
3. Brainstem and spinal cord

Front 40

What do lesions to cingulate gyrus result in?

Back 40

1. akinesia
2. mutism
3. apathy
4. indifference to pain

Front 41

What do lesions to the amygdala cause?

Back 41

1. placidity
2. loss of fear
3. rage
4. aggression

Front 42

1st, 2nd, 3rd order neuron of Visual System

Back 42

1. retinal ganglion cell (cell body in retina)

2. bipolar neurons (relay info from rods and cones to ganglion cells0

3. ganglion cells (form optic nerve)

Front 43

What happens if you transection the optic chiasm?

Back 43

Ipsilateral Blindness

Front 44

What is the lateral geniculate body?

Back 44

Thalamic relay nucleus subserving vision

Front 45

Cranial Nerve I

Back 45

OLFACTORY (sensory)

* sense of smell
* damage = anosmia (loss of smell)

Front 46

Cranial Nerve II

Back 46

OPTIC NERVE (sensory)

* vision, light reflex
* transection = ipsilateral blindness

Front 47

Cranial Nerve III

Back 47

OCULOMOTOR NERVE (motor)

* moves eye, constricts pupil, converges
* problem = droopy eye, denervation causes affected eye to look down and out, double vision

Front 48

Cranial Nerve IV

Back 48

TROCHLEAR NERVE (motor)

* superior oblique muscle
* CN IV paralysis = head tilting to compensate for extorsion

Front 49

Cranial Nerve V

Back 49

TRIGEMINAL NERVE (both)

* muscles of mastication
* sensation of face, eye, nasal & oral cavities

* lesion = loss of sensation, loss of corneal reflex, flaccid paralysis of muscles of mastication

Front 50

Cranial Nerve VI

Back 50

ABDUCENT NERVE (motor)

* abducts the eye

* lesion = double-vision

Front 51

Cranial Nerve VII

Back 51

FACIAL NERVE (both)

* facial movements, taste, salivation, lacrimation

* lesion = loss of taste, loss of blink reflex, Bell's Palsy, Crocodile tears syndrome (crying during eating)

Front 52

Cranial Nerve VIII

Back 52

VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE (sensory)

* balance & hearing

Front 53

Cranial Nerve IX

Back 53

GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE (mixed)

* taste, salivation, swalling, feeling in pharynx

* lesion = loss of gag reflex

Front 54

Cranial Nerve X

Back 54

VAGUS NERVE (both)

* phonation, swallowing, taste
* innervates internal organs

* lesion = ipsilateral paralysis, loss of gag reflex

Front 55

Cranial Nerve XI

Back 55

ACCESSORY NERVE (motor)

* Trapezius & sternocleidomastoid muscles

* lesion = difficulty turning head to side opposite lesion, shoulder droop, inability to shrug ipsilateral shoulder

Front 56

Cranial Nerve XII

Back 56

HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE (motor)

* tongue movement

Front 57

Lesion of Optic Nerve

Back 57

Ipsilateral Blindness

Front 58

Split Optic Chiasm

Back 58

Unable to see information from temporal visual field from both eyes (ie far left and far right)

Front 59

Upper motor neuron lesions

Back 59

Results from damage to cortical neurons that give rise to corticspinal and corticobulbar tracts

* rostral to pyramidal decussation = results in deficit below the lesion on the contralateral side

* caudal to pyramidal decussation = deficit below the lesion on the ipsilateral side

Front 60

Lateral corticospinal tract transection

Back 60

Results in ipsilateral spastic paresis below UMN lesion with Babinski's sign

Front 61

Ventral corticospinal tract transection

Back 61

Results in minor contralateral muscle weakness below the lesion

Front 62

Dorsal Column transection

Back 62

Results in ipsilateral loss of tactile discrimination, form perception, and position and vibration sensation below the lesion

Front 63

Lateral spinothalamic tract transection

Back 63

Results in contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation, starting one segment below the lesion

Front 64

Ventral spinothalamic tract transction

Back 64

results in contralateral loss of crude touch sensation starting three or four segments below the lesion

Front 65

Lesion of primary somatosensory cortex:

Back 65

contralateral loss of tactile discrimination

Front 66

Lesion of primary visual cortex:

Back 66

visual field deficits

Front 67

Lesion of primary motor cortex:

Back 67

contralatearl upper motor neuron lesion

Front 68

Red Nucleus

Back 68

located in tegmentum at the level of the oculomotor nucleus

* receives input from cerebral cortex