Neuroanatomy

Front 1

this type of cell is important for physical support & repair, K+ metabolism, and helps to maintain BBB

Back 1

astrocyte

Front 2

what are microglia responsible for?

Back 2

phagocytosis

Front 3

where are ependymal cells found?

Back 3

inner lining of ventricles

Front 4

from where do microglia originate?

Back 4

mesoderm (like macrophages; M)

Front 5

how many axons does each oligodendrocyte myelinate?

Back 5

multiple - up to 30 each

Front 6

what is the predominant type of glial cell in white matter?

Back 6

oligodendroglia

Front 7

how many axons do Schwann cells myelinate?

Back 7

only one each; also promote axonal regeneration

Front 8

what fuses to form multinucleated giant cells in CNS of HIV infected patients?

Back 8

HIV-infected microglia

Front 9

what peripheral nerve layer serves as a permeability layer?

Back 9

perineurium - must be rejoined in microsurgery for limb reattachment

Front 10

what layer surrounds the entire nerve (fascicles and blood vessles)?

Back 10

epineurium

Front 11

what peripheral nerve layer invests single nerve fibers?

Back 11

endoneurium

Front 12

these are found in dermis of palms, soles, and digits

Back 12

Meissner's corpuscles

Front 13

what is involved in light discriminaory touch of glabrous (hairless) skin?

Back 13

Meissner's corpuscles

Front 14

these are large, encapsulated nerve endings found in deeper layers of skin at ligamnts, joint capsusles, serous membranes, mesnteries

Back 14

pacinian corpuscles

Front 15

these are involved in pressure, coarse touch, vibration, and tension

Back 15

pacinian corpuscles

Front 16

these are cup-shaped nerve endings (tactile disks) in dermis of fingertips, hair follicles, and hard palate that are invovled in light, crude touch

Back 16

Merckel's corpuscles

Front 17

perilymph is rich in what?

Back 17

Na+ (peri- think outside the cell)

Front 18

endolymph is rich in what?

Back 18

K+ (endo-think inside the cell)

Front 19

what does the bony labyrinth include?

Back 19

filled with perilymph - cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals

Front 20

what does the membranous labyrinth include?

Back 20

filled with endolymph - cochlear duct (within the cochlea), utricle and saccule (within the vestibule), and semicircular canals

Front 21

what frequency sound does the base of the cochlea pick up?

Back 21

narrow and stiff - picks up high-frequency

Front 22

what frequency sounds does the apex of the cochlea pick up?

Back 22

wide and flexible - picks up low-frequency

Front 23

what do the ampullae detect?

Back 23

angular acceleration

Front 24

how does hearing loss progress in the elderly?

Back 24

high frequency - low frequency

Front 25

what do the utricle and saccule contain and detect?

Back 25

maculae - detect linear acceleration

Front 26

what produces endolymph?

Back 26

stria vascularis

Front 27

what 3 structures form the blood-brain barrier?

Back 27

1. tight junctions between nonfenestrated capillary membranes
2. basement membrane
3. astrocyte processes

Front 28

how do glucose and AA's cross the BBB?

Back 28

carrier-mediated transport mechanism

Front 29

which crosses the BBB more readily: nonpolar/lipid-soluble substances or polar/water-soluble substances?

Back 29

nonpolar/lipid soluble substances

Front 30

name 2 specialized brain regions with fenestrated capillaries and no BBB that allow molecules in the blood to affect function or neurosecretory products to enter circulation

Back 30

1. area postrema- vomiting after chemo
2. neurohypophysis - ADH release

Front 31

what hypothalamic nucleus is responsible for thirst and water balance?

Back 31

supraoptic nucleus

Front 32

the neurohypophysis releases hormones that were synthesized where?

Back 32

hypothalamic nuclei

Front 33

destruction of what hypothalamic nucleus leads to anorexia and starvation?

Back 33

lateral nucleus

Front 34

destruction of what hypothalamic nucleus leads to hyperphagia and obesity?

Back 34

ventromedial (you grow ventrally and medially)

Front 35

what part of the hypothalamus regulates the parasympathetic NS?

Back 35

anterior

Front 36

what part of the hypothalamus regulates the sympathetic nervous system?

Back 36

posterior

Front 37

what part of the hypothalamus regulates circadian rhythms?

Back 37

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Front 38

what part of the hypothalamus regulates heat conservation and production when cold?

Back 38

posterior hypothalamus

Front 39

what part of the hypothalamus coordinates cooling when hot?

Back 39

anterior (A/C)

Front 40

what part of the hypothalamus controls sexual urges and emotions? (destruction of this nucleus leads to rage)

Back 40

septal nucleus (S-sexual/septal)

Front 41

the posterior pituitary recieves axonal projections from where?

Back 41

supraoptic (ADH) and periventricular (oxytocin) nuclei

Front 42

which thalamic nucleus is responsible for relaying visual information?

Back 42

lateral geniculate nucleus - (Lateral for Light)

Front 43

which thalamic nucleus is responsible for relaying auditory information?

Back 43

medial geniculate nucleus (M-music)

Front 44

which thalamic nucleus is responsible for relaying body sensation?

Back 44

VPL

Front 45

which thalamic nucleus is responsible for relaying facial sensation?

Back 45

VPM

Front 46

which thalamic nucleus is responsible for relaying motor information?

Back 46

VA/VL nuclei

Front 47

what is the limbic system responsible for?

Back 47

feeding, fighting, feeling, flight, and sex (famous 5 Fs)

Front 48

premotor area is what Broadman's area?

Back 48

6

Front 49

principal motor area is what Broadman's area?

Back 49

4

Front 50

principal sensory area is what Broadman's areas?

Back 50

3, 1, 2

Front 51

principal visual cortex is what Broadman's area?

Back 51

17

Front 52

associative auditory cortex/Wernicke's area is what Broadman's area?

Back 52

22

Front 53

primary auditory cortex is what Broadman's area?

Back 53

41, 42

Front 54

motor speech/Broca's area is what Broadman's area?

Back 54

44, 45

Front 55

frontal eye fields are what Broadman's area?

Back 55

8

Front 56

what is most notable in a frontal lobe lesion?

Back 56

lack of social judgment

Front 57

this supplies the medial surface of the brain, leg-foot area of motor and sensory cortices

Back 57

anterior cerebral artery

Front 58

what artery supplies the lateral apsect of the brain, trunk-arm-face area of motor and sensory cortices, and Broca's and Wernicke's areas?

Back 58

MCA

Front 59

what artery is the most common circle of Willis aneurysm; lesion may cause visual field defects?

Back 59

anterior communicating artery

Front 60

lesion of this artery causes CN III palsy

Back 60

posterior communicating artery - common area of aneurysm

Front 61

these are known as the 'arteries of stroke'

Back 61

lateral striate areries - divisions of MCA

Front 62

what do the lateral striate arteries supply?

Back 62

internal capsule, caudate, putamen, globus pallidus

Front 63

a stroke of what circle leads to general sensory and motor dysfunction and aphasia?

Back 63

anterior

Front 64

a stroke of what circle leads to cranial nerve deficits, coma, and cerebellar deficits?

Back 64

posterior

Front 65

cerebral veins drain into what?

Back 65

venous sinuses - internal jugular vein

Front 66

what is the main location of CSF return via arachnoid granulations?

Back 66

superior saggital sinus

Front 67

hemisection above TI presents with what?

Back 67

Horner's syndrome