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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three layers of the meninges, from closest to the skull to closest to the brain?
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dura
arachnoid pia |
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What are the 3 types of nerve fibers in a typical spinal nerve?
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1 sensory nerve fiber and 2 motor nerve fibers (1 autonomic)
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Where are primary sensory neurons derived from and where do their cell bodies live?
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derived from neural crest, live in posterior/dorsal root ganglion
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What types of neurons do neural crest cells form? (2)
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1. sensory
2. postganglionic autonomic |
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What are the 3 primary vesicles and 5 secondary vesicles in the brain?
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forebrain - telencephalon, diencephalon
midbrain - mesencephalon hindbrain - metencephalon, myelencephalon |
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What are the 3 adult derivatives of the telencephalon?
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olfactory lobes
hippocampus cerebrum (most of basal ganglia) |
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What are the 4 adult derivatives of the diencephalon?
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retina
epithalamus thalamus hypothalamus |
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What does thalamus mean?
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inner chamber
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What are the 2 adult derivatives of the metencephalon?
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cerebellum and pons
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What is the 1 adult derivative of the myelencephalon?
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the medulla
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Where does CSF fluid exit the ventricles? Where does it go?
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from 3 openings only found in the 4th ventricle; goes into the subarachnoid space
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What part of the brain does not contain part of a ventricle?
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the midbrain does not contain part of a ventricle, just has a small cerebral aqueduct
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What is the adult derivative of the mesencephalon?
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the midbrain
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What is another name for the hindbrain?
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the rhombencephalon
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What is the sulcus that divides the frontal lobe and parietal lobe?
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the central sulcus
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What is the fissure that divides the frontal and temporal lobes?
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the sylvian fissure
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What is the difference between a fissure and a sulcus
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a fissure is a really deep sulcus
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What are the boundaries of the occipital lobe on the lateral side?
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the occipital lobe has no distinct boundaries on the lateral side
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What is the sulcus in the midsagittal view of the brain? What does it divide?
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the parieto-occipital sulcus, divides the parietal and occipital lobes
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What is usually contained only in the left hemisphere?
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language centers:
broca's area - speech wernicke's area - comprehension |
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Where does CSF fluid exit the ventricles? Where does it go?
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from 3 openings only found in the 4th ventricle; goes into the subarachnoid space
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What part of the brain does not contain part of a ventricle?
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the midbrain does not contain part of a ventricle, just has a small cerebral aqueduct
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What is the adult derivative of the mesencephalon?
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the midbrain
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What is another name for the hindbrain?
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the rhombencephalon
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What is the sulcus that divides the frontal lobe and parietal lobe?
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the central sulcus
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What is the fissure that divides the frontal and temporal lobes?
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the sylvian fissure
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What is the difference between a fissure and a sulcus?
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a fissure is a really deep sulcus
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What are the boundaries of the occipital lobe on the lateral side?
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the occipital lobe has no distinct boundaries on the lateral side
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What is the sulcus in the midsagittal view of the brain? What does it divide?
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the parieto-occipital sulcus, divides the parietal and occipital lobes
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What is usually contained only in the left hemisphere?
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language centers:
broca's area - speech wernicke's area - comprehension |
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What cortex is in the frontal lobe, the primary motor or primary somatosensory cortex?
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primary motor is in the frontal lobe; primary somatosensory is in the parietal lobe
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Where is the primary visual cortex?
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medial side of the occipital lobe
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What are the 2 motor control centers?
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the cerebellum
the basal ganglia - gets movements started |
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What filters and relays data to the cortex?
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the thalamus
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What 2 control centers are contained in the brainstem?
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cardiovascular and respiratory control centers
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What is the name of the secretory epithelium that filters CSF out of the blood?
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choroid epithelium (choroid plexus)
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What drains CSF down a concentration gradient?
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arachnoid granulations
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Where are the anterior, body, posterior, and inferior portions of the lateral ventricle?
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anterior - frontal lobe
body - parietal lobe posterior - occipital lobe inferior - temporal lobe |
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What are the 4 ventricles?
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2 lateral, third, and fourth
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In which ventricles is the choroid plexus found?
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In all 4 ventricles
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What is the communication point between the lateral and third ventricles?
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Interventricular foramina of Monro
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What are the 3 foramina where CSF fluid can get to the subarachnoid space?
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2 lateral apertures (of Luschka) and 1 median aperture (of Magendie)
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How are the third and fourth ventricles connected?
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by the cerebral aqueduct
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What are the components of arachnoid granulations?
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arachnoid villi
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How many mL of CSF is in the ventricles and subarachnoid space?
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80-150 mL
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How much CSF fluid is produced per day?
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450 mL/day, so the total replacement is about 3X daily
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What is the CSF pressure?
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80-180 cm H2O
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How many lymphocytes does CSF fluid contain?
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very few
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What is the glucose concentration like in CSF?
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half that of the blood concentration
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What is the protein content like in CSF?
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low protein
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What does the presence of RBC in the CSF mean?
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bad news/pathologic
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What is parenchyma?
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the functional tissue in question
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What is the difference between systemic and brain capillaries?
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brain capillaries have no fenestration (windows)
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How do oxygen and CO2 cross the blood-brain barrier?
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lipid soluble, easily by diffusion
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How do glucose, amino acids, and vitamins K & D cross the blood brain barrier?
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water soluble, selective transport
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How do sodium and potassium ions move across the blood brain barrier?
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through ion channels
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How do heroin, ethanol, and nicotine move across the blood brain barrier?
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lipid soluble, readily diffuse
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How can you tell that neoplasms are in the CNS?
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they cause leaky capillaries and an increase in the CNS interstitial fluid levels
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What are the main sources of the anterior and posterior circulations to the brain?
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anterior - ICA
posterior - vertebral artery |
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What are the 3 pairs of cerebral arteries, where do they come from, and where do they go?
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anterior cerebral - from ICA - goes to front of brain
middle cerebral - from ICA - goes up laterally posterior cerebral - from basilar |
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How are anterior and posterior brain circulations joined?
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by the posterior communicating arteries
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Where do the 2 vertebral arteries join? What is the joined artery called? Then what happens?
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at the medulla-pons junction into the basilar artery, then it splits into 2 posterior cerebral arteries
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What lobes does the anterior cerebral artery supply? middle? posterior?
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anterior - frontal and part of parietal
middle - bulk of lateral aspect of each hemisphere posterior - occipital |
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How can you tell which lobe you are looking at?
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the temporal lobe points in the direction that the lobe is
(i.e. if the temporal lobe points to the left it is the left lobe) |
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Does the homunculus have a single or a dual blood supply?
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a dual blood supply. Trunk and leg are supplied by the anterior cerebral, face and arm by the middle cerebral
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