Neuroanatomy 2 - Spinal Cord

Front 1

What are disrupted in Alzheimer's disease?

Back 1

microtubules

Front 2

What are neurofilaments made of?

Back 2

actin

Front 3

What role does ACh play in the cerebral cortex?

Back 3

Enhances memory formation

Front 4

What role does ACh play in the thalamus/cerebellum/pons/medulla?

Back 4

induces REM sleep

Front 5

What does dopamine play a major role in?

Back 5

movement; parkinson's disease

Front 6

What nucleus is dopamine associated with as a "pleasure drug"?

Back 6

nucleus accumbens

Front 7

Which of the big 3 neurotransmitters is glycine like?

Back 7

GABA, only inhibitory

Front 8

The balance between which three neurotransmitters can lead to mood disorders?

Back 8

dopamine, serotonin, and histamine

Front 9

What is the energy source for anterograde axonal transport?

Back 9

kinesin

Front 10

How can polio, herpes, rabies, and tetanusend up in the neuronal cell body?

Back 10

they are found in the synaptic cleft and transported back to the cell body via retrograde transport

Front 11

What is the energy source for retrograde transport?

Back 11

dynein

Front 12

Which is faster, anterograde or retrograde transport?

Back 12

anterograde is 400 mm/day; retrograde is 200 mm/day

Front 13

What causes multiple sclerosis and what are 2 major symptoms?

Back 13

demyelination of oligodendrocytes

1. signs and symptoms separated in time and space
2. blurry vision/vision loss

Front 14

What causes Guillein-Barre and what are 3 major symptoms?

Back 14

demyelination of schwann cells in PNS

1. signs and symptoms are symmetric
2. starts at hands and feet and then progresses medially
3. risk of respiratory failure

Front 15

What is the stain called that stains individual neurons?

Back 15

the Golgi method

Front 16

At what vertebral segment does the spinal cord end?

Back 16

L2

Front 17

What is in the "cauda equina"?

Back 17

roots of lumbo-sacral spinal nerves

Front 18

What are the 7 segments in the lumbosacral enlargement?

Back 18

L2-S3

Front 19

What are the segments in the cervical enlargement?

Back 19

C6-T1

Front 20

What are bundles of axons called in the CNS?

Back 20

tracts or fasiculi

Front 21

What components of Rexed's laminae are in the Ventral horn?

Back 21

VIII and IX (8 and 9)

Front 22

Which of Rexed's laminae is the Intermediate zone? Why is it called the intermediate zone?

Back 22

VII; contains both sensory & motor fibers

Front 23

Which of Rexed's laminae are in the dorsal horn?

Back 23

I-VI

Front 24

What is Clarke's nucleus responsible for?

Back 24

sensory/proprioception

Front 25

What does roman numeral I correspond to? II? II? IV?

Back 25

I - A alpha
II - A beta
III - A delta
IV - C

Front 26

Which are the fastest conducting/largest diameter nerve fiber types?

Back 26

I or A-alpha fibers

Front 27

What are the receptors for Ia fibers? Ib?

Back 27

Ia - muscle spindle afferents
Ib - golgi tendon organs

Front 28

What are Ia and Ib fibers concerned with?

Back 28

proprioception

Front 29

What nerve fibers are in the medial division of the dorsal horn?

Back 29

Ia and Ib fibers
II and A-beta fibers

Front 30

What do muscle spindle detectors detect?

Back 30

increased length/stretch receptors

Front 31

What do golgi tendon organs detect?

Back 31

increased force with contraction/force receptors

Front 32

What are A-beta fibers responsible for?

Back 32

touch, vibration, pressure

Front 33

What are the nerve fibers in the lateral division of the dorsal horn?

Back 33

A-delta and C fibers

Front 34

What are type II fibers responsible for?

Back 34

additional receptors in muscles that are the same size as A-beta fibers

Front 35

What is the most important class of nerve fibers in the ventral horn? What is the other class?

Back 35

alpha fibers - heavily myelinated, innervates skeletal muscle

gamma fibers - regulate muscle spindle/stretch receptor sensitivity

Front 36

What is the topographic organization of the ventral horn?

Back 36

proximal muscles are more medial, distal muscles are more lateral

Front 37

How many neurons are involved in the voluntary contraction of skeletal muscle?

Back 37

2: UMN + LMN

Front 38

What tract is responsible for the voluntary contraction of skeletal muscle?

Back 38

cortico-spinal tract

Front 39

What neuron crosses over in the voluntary contraction of skeletal muscle? Where?

Back 39

the UMN; at the medulla-spinal cord junction

Front 40

Where is the UMN cell body in voluntary skeletal muscle contraction?

Back 40

cerebral cortex, precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex)

Front 41

What is a synonym for the corticospinal tract?

Back 41

pyrimidal

Front 42

What does decussation mean?

Back 42

crossing over

Front 43

What is another name for the anterior horn?

Back 43

the ventral horn

Front 44

What is the most important UMN system?

Back 44

corticospinal; but there are other pathways for voluntary motor contraction

Front 45

The lateral motor systems have what type of innervation, ipsilateral, contralateral, or bilateral?

Back 45

contralateral

Front 46

The medial motor systems have what type of innervation, ipsilateral, contralateral, or bilateral?

Back 46

bilateral (mainly trunk muscles)

Front 47

What does Rexed's laminae VII contain?

Back 47

intermediate zone of gray matter; contains PREGANGLIONIC autonomic neuron cell bodies and the neuron cell bodies in Clarke's nucleus

Front 48

Which types of fibers are most susceptible to anesthesia? Which types are most resistant?

Back 48

most susceptible - C fibers
most resistant - medial division dorsal root fibers (Ia, Ib, II, A-beta)

Front 49

Which types of fibers are most sensitive to lack of oxygen?

Back 49

medial division dorsal root fibers (i.e. Ia, Ib, II, A-beta)

Front 50

What type of pain/temp are C fibers associated with? A delta fibers?

Back 50

C fibers - burning/dull pain, warmth
A-delta fibers - sharp pain, cold

Front 51

What fiber types synapse in Rexed II lamina? Rexed lamina I?

Back 51

II: C fibers - burning/dull pain, warmth
I: A-delta - sharp pain, cold

Front 52

What fiber types are derived from neural crest cells?

Back 52

A-delta
A-beta
C
Ia fibers
and Postganglionic autonomic axons

Front 53

Neuron cell bodies of which fiber types are found in Rexed lamina IX?

Back 53

Ia, Ib fibers

Front 54

Where are the neuronal cell bodies of dorsal spinocerebellar tract axons?

Back 54

Lamina VII

Front 55

Where are the neuronal cell bodies of anterolateral system fibers?

Back 55

Lamina I

Front 56

Where are the axon terminals of the corticospinal tract?

Back 56

Lamina IX

Front 57

Where are the axon terminals of the fasciculus gracilis fibers?

Back 57

Inside the CNS but outside the spinal cord

Front 58

Where are the neuronal cell bodies of preganglionic sympathetic axons?

Back 58

Lamina VII