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131 Cards in this Set
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Callosal Dyspraxia
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• Disconnection disorder
• Inability to execute commands with left hand, preserved ability with right hand • Imitation may be impaired • Intact motor and premotor cortices, bilaterally |
• Anterior 2/3’s of corpus callosum
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• Disconnection disorder
• Inability to execute commands with left hand, preserved ability with right hand • Imitation may be impaired • Anterior 2/3’s of corpus callosum • Intact motor and premotor cortices, bilaterally |
Callosal Dyspraxia
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Apraxic Agraphia
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• Inability to perform skilled learned movements necessary for handwriting
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• Inability to perform skilled learned movements necessary for handwriting
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Apraxic Agraphia
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Buccofacial Dyspraxia
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• Oral apraxia
• Inability to perform skilled movements of face, tongue, pharynx, and larynx (suck through a straw) |
Broca’s area is affected among others
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• Oral apraxia
• Inability to perform skilled movements of face, tongue, pharynx, and larynx (suck through a straw) • Broca’s area is affected among others |
Buccofacial Dyspraxia
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Facial Dyspraxia
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• Inability to execute movements of cranial musculature, except the eyes
• Broca’s aphasia |
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• Inability to execute movements of cranial musculature, except the eyes
• Broca’s aphasia |
Facial Dyspraxia
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Constructional Dyspraxia
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• Impaired visuoconstructive ability (may be observed on two-dimensional or three-dimensional task)
• outside figure in block design impaired |
• Right hemisphere lesion
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• Right hemisphere lesion
• Impaired visuoconstructive ability (may be observed on two-dimensional or three-dimensional task) • outside figure in block design impaired |
Constructional Dyspraxia
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Dressing Dyspraxia
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• inability to dress oneself
• left hemi-neglect; Balint’s Syndrome |
• right hemisphere; parietal lobe
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• right hemisphere; parietal lobe
• inability to dress oneself • left hemi-neglect; Balint’s Syndrome |
Dressing Dyspraxia
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Ideational Dyspraxia
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• Inability to sequence a series of actions, but individual acts may be correctly executed
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• Usually bilateral involvement
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• Inability to sequence a series of actions, but individual acts may be correctly executed
• Usually bilateral involvement |
Ideational Dyspraxia
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Ideomotor Dyspraxia
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• Impaired ability to execute skilled learned movements, evidenced in spatial and/or temporal (sequencing) errors
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• Impaired ability to execute skilled learned movements, evidenced in spatial and/or temporal (sequencing) errors
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Ideomotor Dyspraxia
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Limb Dyspraxia
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• Inability to perform skilled learned movements with arm and hand
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• Inability to perform skilled learned movements with arm and hand
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Limb Dyspraxia
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Limb-Kinetic Dyspraxia
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• Contralateral
• Inability to pantomime, imitate, or use actual objects. Usually hand movements are most affected and movements are slow and imprecise |
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• Contralateral
• Inability to pantomime, imitate, or use actual objects. Usually hand movements are most affected and movements are slow and imprecise |
Limb-Kinetic Dyspraxia
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Verbal-Motor Disassociation Dyspraxia
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• Impaired in the ability to perform commands with either hand, with preservation of imitation and use of actual objects
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• Impaired in the ability to perform commands with either hand, with preservation of imitation and use of actual objects
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Verbal-Motor Disassociation Dyspraxia
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Ocular Dyspraxia
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• Inability to shift gaze voluntarily (psychic gaze paralysis)
• Seen in Balint’s Syndrome |
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• Inability to shift gaze voluntarily (psychic gaze paralysis)
• Seen in Balint’s Syndrome |
Ocular Dyspraxia
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Ataxia
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• Lack of coordination of muscle movement
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• Lack of coordination of muscle movement
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Ataxia
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Optic Ataxia
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• Can’t carry out movements under visual control
• Balint Syndrome |
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• Can’t carry out movements under visual control
• Balint Syndrome |
Optic Ataxia
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Motor ataxia
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• Incoordination of motor movements
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• Clinical symptom of cerebellar lesion
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• Incoordination of motor movements
• Clinical symptom of cerebellar lesion |
Motor ataxia
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Dyssynergia
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• Lack of ability to perform motor acts smoothly (as in ataxia)
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• Clinical symptom of cerebellar lesion
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• Lack of ability to perform motor acts smoothly (as in ataxia)
• Clinical symptom of cerebellar lesion |
Dyssynergia
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Dysmetria
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• Off in terms of judging distance (ask pt to try and grab something)
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• Clinical symptom of cerebellar lesion
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• Off in terms of judging distance (ask pt to try and grab something)
• Clinical symptom of cerebellar lesion |
Dysmetria
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Dysdiadochokinesis
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• Can’t turn hand from palm to back of hand etc
• Can’t touch physicians finger then nose • Can’t touch thumb to each finger |
• Clinical symptom of cerebellar lesion
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• Can’t turn hand from palm to back of hand etc
• Can’t touch physicians finger then nose • Can’t touch thumb to each finger • Clinical symptom of cerebellar lesion |
Dysdiadochokinesis
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Titubation
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• Bobble-head
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• Clinical symptom of cerebellar lesion (typically with mid-line lesion)
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• Bobble-head
• Clinical symptom of cerebellar lesion (typically with mid-line lesion) |
Titubation
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Dysarthria
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• Slurring, inarticulation (not about language)
• They sound drunk, sometimes have explosive speech |
• Clinical symptom of cerebellar lesion (not always in the cerebellum, other types of dysarthria)
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• Slurring, inarticulation (not about language)
• They sound drunk, sometimes have explosive speech • Clinical symptom of cerebellar lesion (not always in the cerebellum, other types of dysarthria) |
Dysarthria
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Myoclonus
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• Jerk-like contraction movement (looks like jerk right before you fall asleep)
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• Clinical symptom of cerebellar lesion
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• Jerk-like contraction movement (looks like jerk right before you fall asleep)
• Clinical symptom of cerebellar lesion |
Myoclonus
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Saccadic dysmetria
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• Ocular movement looks jerky
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• Clinical symptom of cerebellar lesion
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• Ocular movement looks jerky
• Clinical symptom of cerebellar lesion |
Saccadic dysmetria
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Gaze-paretic Nystagmus
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• Disorder of ocular movement
• Clinical symptom of cerebellar lesion |
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• Disorder of ocular movement
• Clinical symptom of cerebellar lesion |
Gaze-paretic Nystagmus
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Gait disorder
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• May look drunk while walking
• Clinical symptom of cerebellar lesion |
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• May look drunk while walking
• Clinical symptom of cerebellar lesion |
Gait disorder
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Dysequilibrium
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• Difficulty maintaining posture
• Clinical symptom of cerebellar lesion |
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• Difficulty maintaining posture
• Clinical symptom of cerebellar lesion |
Dysequilibrium
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Tremor
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• Clinical symtpm of cerebellar lesion
• Positive symptom in Basal Ganglia lesions |
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• Clinical symtpm of cerebellar lesion
• Positive symptom in Basal Ganglia lesions |
Tremor
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Conduction Aphasia
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• Disconnection disorder
• Unilateral Limb Apraxia • Impaired repetition, oral reading, naming, paraphasias • Intact – verbal output may be fluent (but impoverished), comprehension • |
Disconnection between Broca’s and Wernicke’s, lesions of arcuate fasciculus
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Disconnection between Broca’s and Wernicke’s, lesions of arcuate fasciculus
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Conduction Aphasia
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Disconnection disorder
• Unilateral Limb Apraxia • Impaired repetition, oral reading, naming, paraphasias • Intact – verbal output may be fluent (but impoverished), comprehension |
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Disconnection disorder
• Unilateral Limb Apraxia • Impaired repetition, oral reading, naming, paraphasias • Intact – verbal output may be fluent (but impoverished), comprehension |
Disconnection between Broca’s and Wernicke’s, lesions of arcuate fasciculus
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Conduction Aphasia
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Dylsexia without Dysgraphia
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• Disconnection disorder
• Pure word blindness; posterior dyslexia • Loss of ability to read or comprehend written language or letters • Preserved ability to write spontaneously or spell to dictation • Preserved auditory comprehension & verbal output, can identify words/letters by touch or aurally presented • Often with right homonymous hemianopsia |
• Lesion in left calcarine cortex (occipital lobe) and splenium (tail of the corpus callosum)
• right hemisphere sees word but can’t read it, must cross to left to read |
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• Lesion in left calcarine cortex (occipital lobe) and splenium (tail of the corpus callosum)
• right hemisphere sees word but can’t read it, must cross to left to read |
Dylsexia without Dysgraphia
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• Disconnection disorder
• Pure word blindness; posterior dyslexia • Loss of ability to read or comprehend written language or letters • Preserved ability to write spontaneously or spell to dictation • Preserved auditory comprehension & verbal output, can identify words/letters by touch or aurally presented • Often with right homonymous hemianopsia |
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• Disconnection disorder
• Pure word blindness; posterior dyslexia • Loss of ability to read or comprehend written language or letters • Preserved ability to write spontaneously or spell to dictation • Preserved auditory comprehension & verbal output, can identify words/letters by touch or aurally presented • Often with right homonymous hemianopsia |
• Lesion in left calcarine cortex (occipital lobe) and splenium (tail of the corpus callosum)
• right hemisphere sees word but can’t read it, must cross to left to read |
Dylsexia without Dysgraphia
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Central Dyslexia
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• Inability to recognize, comprehend, or produce written language
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• Left hemisphere; parietal lobule
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• Inability to recognize, comprehend, or produce written language
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Central Dyslexia
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• Left hemisphere; parietal lobule
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Anterior Dyslexia
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• Can read single, semantically significant words; difficulty comprehending sentence-length material and syntactical structure
• Commonly observed in association with Broca’s aphasia |
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• Can read single, semantically significant words; difficulty comprehending sentence-length material and syntactical structure
• Commonly observed in association with Broca’s aphasia |
Anterior Dyslexia
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Deep Dyslexia
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• Left hemisphere lesion (although anatomy not well defined)
• Semantic paralexia (semantic paraphasic errors), evidenced in word substitution |
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• Left hemisphere lesion (although anatomy not well defined)
• Semantic paralexia (semantic paraphasic errors), evidenced in word substitution |
Deep Dyslexia
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Agnosia
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• Loss of recognition or knowledge of the meaning of perceived stimulus
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• Loss of recognition or knowledge of the meaning of perceived stimulus
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Agnosia
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Anosognosia
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• Denial or failure to recognize illness or deficit
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• Right hemisphere lesion
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• Denial or failure to recognize illness or deficit
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Anosognosia
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• Right hemisphere lesion
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Prosopagnosia
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• Failure to recognize familiar faces (recognize people by their voice)
• Usually associated with achromatopsia (failure to perceive colors) |
• Occipitotemporal gyrus (fusiform gyrus)
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• Failure to recognize familiar faces (recognize people by their voice)
• Usually associated with achromatopsia (failure to perceive colors) |
Prosopagnosia
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• Occipitotemporal gyrus (fusiform gyrus)
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Simultanagnosia
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• Visual disorientation and inability to perceive the whole visual field. Recognizes only parts of the visual field at any one time
• In Balint’s Syndrome • No insight into problem |
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• Visual disorientation and inability to perceive the whole visual field. Recognizes only parts of the visual field at any one time
• In Balint’s Syndrome • No insight into problem |
Simultanagnosia
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Stereoagnosia
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• Inability to recognize objects by touch
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• Either hemisphere, parietal
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• Inability to recognize objects by touch
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Stereoagnosia
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• Either hemisphere, parietal
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Verbal Auditory Agnosia
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• Disconnection disorder
• Pure word deafness • Inability to interpret spoke language • Cannot repeat or comprehend spoken language • Preserved comprehension of written language, writing ability, and ability to recognize non-verbal sound • Spontaneous verbal output and hearing within normal limits |
• Disrupted connection between medial geniculate nucleus and Heschl’s gyri
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• Disconnection disorder
• Pure word deafness • Inability to interpret spoke language • Cannot repeat or comprehend spoken language • Preserved comprehension of written language, writing ability, and ability to recognize non-verbal sound • Spontaneous verbal output and hearing within normal limits |
Verbal Auditory Agnosia
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• Disrupted connection between medial geniculate nucleus and Heschl’s gyri
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• Disrupted connection between medial geniculate nucleus and Heschl’s gyri
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Verbal Auditory Agnosia
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• Disconnection disorder
• Pure word deafness • Inability to interpret spoke language • Cannot repeat or comprehend spoken language • Preserved comprehension of written language, writing ability, and ability to recognize non-verbal sound • Spontaneous verbal output and hearing within normal limits |
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Non-verbal Auditory Agnosia
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• Inability to recognize/interpret non-verbal sounds (like a siren)
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• Right hemisphere; auditory association cortex (surrounding transverse temporal gyrus of Heschl)
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• Inability to recognize/interpret non-verbal sounds (like a siren)
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Non-verbal Auditory Agnosia
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• Right hemisphere; auditory association cortex (surrounding transverse temporal gyrus of Heschl)
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• Right hemisphere; auditory association cortex (surrounding transverse temporal gyrus of Heschl)
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Non-verbal Auditory Agnosia
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• Inability to recognize/interpret non-verbal sounds (like a siren)
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Auditory affective agnosia
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• Can’t detect emotion in others’ speech
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• Can’t detect emotion in others’ speech
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• Can’t detect emotion in others’ speech
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Auditory affective agnosia
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• Can’t detect emotion in others’ speech
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Autotopagnosia
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• Inability to recognize parts of the body
• Most often seen in pt’s with aphasia (debated if should be separate diagnosis from aphasia) |
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• Inability to recognize parts of the body
• Most often seen in pt’s with aphasia (debated if should be separate diagnosis from aphasia) |
Autotopagnosia
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Finger Agnosia
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• Inability to identify and differentiate fingers
• Part of Gertsmann Syndrome |
• Either hemispheres, but if in left may result in bilateral deficit; parietal lobe (contralateral to lesion)
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• Inability to identify and differentiate fingers
• Part of Gertsmann Syndrome |
Finger Agnosia
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• Either hemispheres, but if in left may result in bilateral deficit; parietal lobe (contralateral to lesion)
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• Either hemispheres, but if in left may result in bilateral deficit; parietal lobe (contralateral to lesion)
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Finger Agnosia
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• Inability to identify and differentiate fingers
• Part of Gertsmann Syndrome |
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Hemispatial Agnosia
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• Visual-spatial agnosia; hemispatial neglect
• Failure to respond to stimuli in the field contralateral to lesion |
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• Visual-spatial agnosia; hemispatial neglect
• Failure to respond to stimuli in the field contralateral to lesion |
Hemispatial Agnosia
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Visual Agnosia (Associative)
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• Inability to recognize objects. Perception, acuity, visual fields and scanning are adequate
• Associated with severe dyslexia, prosopagnosia and achromatopsia (loss of color vision) • Most commonly from posterior cerebral artery stroke |
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• Inability to recognize objects. Perception, acuity, visual fields and scanning are adequate
• Associated with severe dyslexia, prosopagnosia and achromatopsia (loss of color vision) • Most commonly from posterior cerebral artery stroke |
Visual Agnosia (Associative)
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Visual Agnosia (Apperceptive)
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• Inability to recognize objects, associated with poor perception and adequate acuity
• Usually seen in extensive bilateral damage |
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• Inability to recognize objects, associated with poor perception and adequate acuity
• Usually seen in extensive bilateral damage |
Visual Agnosia (Apperceptive)
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Anarithmetria
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• Inability to perform complex mathematical computations
• Can recognize and reproduce numbers, knows value of numbers, can perform rote mathematical operations |
• Left hemisphere
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• Inability to perform complex mathematical computations
• Can recognize and reproduce numbers, knows value of numbers, can perform rote mathematical operations |
Anarithmetria
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• Left hemisphere
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Aphasic Dyscalculia
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anarithmetria
• Inability to comprehend or write numbers or mathematical symbols/signs |
• Left hemisphere
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anarithmetria
• Inability to comprehend or write numbers or mathematical symbols/signs |
Aphasic Dyscalculia
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• Left hemisphere
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Visual-spatial dyscalculia
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• Inability to perform written math secondary to visuospatial deficits (misalign)
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• Right hemisphere; parietal lobe
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• Inability to perform written math secondary to visuospatial deficits (misalign)
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Visual-spatial dyscalculia
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• Right hemisphere; parietal lobe
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Akinesia
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• Not moving
• Negative symptom in Basal Ganglia lesions |
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• Not moving
• Negative symptom in Basal Ganglia lesions |
Akinesia
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Hypokinesia
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• Decreased blinking, masked face, common in Parkinson’s disease
• Negative symptom in Basal Ganglia lesions |
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• Decreased blinking, masked face, common in Parkinson’s disease
• Negative symptom in Basal Ganglia lesions |
Hypokinesia
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• Slow movement
• Negative symptom in Basal Ganglia lesions |
Bradykinesia
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Bradykinesia
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• Slow movement
• Negative symptom in Basal Ganglia lesions |
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Loss of Postural reflexes
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• Hard to turn, turn in block
• Negative symptom in Basal Ganglia lesions |
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• Hard to turn, turn in block
• Negative symptom in Basal Ganglia lesions |
Loss of Postural reflexes
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Rigidity
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• Alterations of muscle tone, cogwheel
• Positive symptom in Basal Ganglia lesions |
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• Alterations of muscle tone, cogwheel
• Positive symptom in Basal Ganglia lesions |
Rigidity
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Tremor
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• Finger rub, pill rolling, does not happen when making deliberate movement
• Positive symptom in Basal Ganglia lesions • May also be a sign of a cerebellar lesion |
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• Finger rub, pill rolling, does not happen when making deliberate movement
• Positive symptom in Basal Ganglia lesions • May also be a sign of a cerebellar lesion |
Tremor
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Chorea
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• To dance, quick, involuntary, arhytmic
• Positive symptom in Basal Ganglia lesions |
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• To dance, quick, involuntary, arhytmic
• Positive symptom in Basal Ganglia lesions |
Chorea
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Ballismus
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• Flinging of the limbs, fling themselves out of a chair,
• Positive symptom in Basal Ganglia lesion • Specifically caused by subthalamic nuclei |
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• Flinging of the limbs, fling themselves out of a chair,
• Positive symptom in Basal Ganglia lesion • Specifically caused by subthalamic nuclei |
Ballismus
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Athetosis
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• Shake-like movement, difficult holding a position
• Positive symptom in Basal Ganglia lesion |
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• Shake-like movement, difficult holding a position
• Positive symptom in Basal Ganglia lesion |
Athetosis
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Dystonia
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• Persistent holding of a position, twisting torso, forceful slamming of the eyes
• Positive symptom in Basal Ganglia lesion |
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• Persistent holding of a position, twisting torso, forceful slamming of the eyes
• Positive symptom in Basal Ganglia lesion |
Dystonia
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Dyskinesia
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• Looks like spasms of the eyes or facial muscles
• Sometimes seen in pt on longterm antipsychotics (Tardi ___) • Positive symptom in Basal Ganglia lesion |
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• Looks like spasms of the eyes or facial muscles
• Sometimes seen in pt on longterm antipsychotics (Tardi ___) • Positive symptom in Basal Ganglia lesion |
Dyskinesia
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Hypotonia
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• Poor muscle tone
• Clinical symptom of cerebellar lesion |
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• Poor muscle tone
• Clinical symptom of cerebellar lesion |
Hypotonia
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Graphasthesia
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• Write # on hands, can’t identify
• Most often observed in right hemi inattention (neglect) |
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• Write # on hands, can’t identify
• Most often observed in right hemi inattention (neglect) |
Graphasthesia
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Balint’s Syndrome
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• Parieto-occipital junction
• Dressing Dyspraxia • Ocular dyspraxia • Optic ataxia • Simultanagnosia |
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• Parieto-occipital junction
• Dressing Dyspraxia • Ocular dyspraxia • Optic ataxia • Simultanagnosia |
Balint’s Syndrome
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Anosmia
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• Loss of sense of smell
• Results from trauma or infection • Olfactory nerve |
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• Loss of sense of smell
• Results from trauma or infection • Olfactory nerve |
Anosmia
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Gertmann’s Syndrome
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• Left hemisphere
• Finger Agnosia • Left-right confusion • Apraxic agraphia • dyscalculia |
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• Left hemisphere
• Finger Agnosia • Left-right confusion • Apraxic agraphia • dyscalculia |
Gertmann’s Syndrome
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