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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Craniosacral outflow refers to...
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Parasympathetic Autonomic Nervous System is also know as.....
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Cranial Nerves involved with the parasympathetic nervous system are...
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Cranial Nerves III (Ocular motor), VII (Facial), IX (Glossopharyngeal), X (Vagus) are associated with which nervous system....
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Stretch or tendon reflex neuron involvement....
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Monosynaptic reflex arc (2 neurons) refers to...
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Bicep reflex tests integrity of...
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C5 - C6 are responsible for which reflex....
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Brachioradialis jerk tests integrity of...
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C6 is responsible for which reflex
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Triceps reflex
tests integrity of... |
C6-C8
are responsible for which reflex... |
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Quadriceps reflex (knee jerk)
tests integrity of... |
L2-L4
are responsible for which reflex... |
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Gastrocnemius reflex (ankle jerk)
tests integrity of... |
S1-S2
are responsible for which reflex... |
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4 pairs of central nuclei of the cerebellum receiving input from the cerebral cortex
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Fastigal, Globose, Emboliform, Dentate
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Posterolateral fissure
separates... |
Separates the flocculonodular lobe from the corpus cerebelli
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Flocculonodular lobe function
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balance, eye movements related to gravity
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Primary fissure
separates... |
Separates the cerebellum into anterior and posterior lobes
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Anterior Vermis function
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gross motor coordination
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Posterior Vermis and lateral hemispheres function
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Fine motor coordination for smooth flowing movements
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Inferior Peduncle
(restiform body) |
Receives information from spinal cord and brainstem
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3 major afferent tracts running into the inferior peduncle
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Dorsal Spinocerebellar tract
Cuneocerebellar tract Olivocerebellar tract are associated with which structure within the cerebellum.. |
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Middle peduncle
(Brachium pontis) |
Receives information from contralateral pontine nuclei
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Superior peduncle
(Brachium conjunctivum) |
Sends information from nuclei to thalamus
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Dysmetria
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Not able to connect 2 points in space
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Dysdiadochokinesia
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Not able to perform rapid alternating movements (running)
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Posterior Lobe syndrome
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Lateral hemispheres of Cerebellum affected
intention tremors, dysmetria, dysdiadochokinesia |
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Anterior Lobe syndrome
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degeneration of cerebellar cortex - vermis affected
Loss of lower limb coordination most often associated with malnutrition and chronic alcoholism Staggering Gate |
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Flocculonodular lobe syndrome
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Medulloblastoma usually in children
lack of paraxial muscle coordination (truncal ataxia) notice wide base and side to side stride suffers disequilibrium and Vertigo limbs not affected when trunk is stablized |
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Reticular nuclei
include... |
Raphe nuclei
Locus Caeruleus Periaquedecutal Gray are part of what... |
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Raphe nuclei function
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synthesizes serotonin to control mood, aggression and REM
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Locus Caeruleus function
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synthesizes norepinephrine for arousal
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Periaqueductal Gray function
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nuclei surrounding cerebral aqueduct with opioid receptors to modulate pain at the dorsal horn
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Medulla oblongata function
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Medullary Reticular formation: breathing and cardiovascular control
Autonomic regulation: respiration, circulation and GI motility |
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Cranial Nerves attached to the Medulla oblongata
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Cranial Nerves:
VI(Abducen), VII(Facial), VIII(Vestibulocochlear), IX(Glossopharyngeal), X(Vagus), XI(Accessory), XII(Hypoglossal) are attached in the brain stem to... |
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Pons function
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Pons Reticular formation: breathing and cardiovascular
Integration and relay between Cerebellum and Cerebrum Arousal and sleep |
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Middle cerebellar peduncle connects
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Pons to Cerebellum
is connected by... |
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Cranial Nerve attached to Pons
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Cranial Nerve V(Trigeminal)
is attached in the brain stem to... |
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Substantia nigra
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Located in midbrain
invovled in coordinating voluntary movement and muscle tone |
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Midbrain function
(Mesencephalon) |
eye movement and pupil dilation
hearing coordinates reflexes between head movements with seeing and hearing mediates auditory and visual reflexes |
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Cranial Nerves attached to the Midbrain
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Cranial Nerves III(Ocular motor), IV(Trochlear)
is attached to brain stem structure... |
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Red Nuclei function
(in tegmentum of midbrain) |
Unconscious regulation and coordination of motor activities
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Decortication
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Lesion above red nuclei
upper extremeties flexed lower extremeties extended |
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Decerebration
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Lesion below red nuclei
upper and lower extremeties extended |
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Dorsal horn: Sensory
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Laminae I-VI
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Lateral horn: Viscerosensory
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Lamina VII
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Ventral horn: Motor
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Laminae VIII-IX
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Substantia Gelatinosa
Lamina II |
Interneurons that modify perception of pain
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Nucleus Proprius
Lamina III and IV |
Gives rise to Spinothalamic tract
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Nucleus Dorsalis of Clarke
Lamina VII |
Gives rise to Dorsal Spinocerebellar tract
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Interomedial Lateral Column
Lamina VII |
Contains preganglionic sympathetic fibers
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Sacral Autonomic Nucleus
Lamina VII |
S2-S4
Gives rise to preganglionic parasympathetic fibers, innervates pelvic viscera via pelvic nerve |
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Spinal Accessory Nucleus
Lamina IX |
C1-C6
Gives rise to sponal root of CN XI innervates trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles |
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Phrenic Nucleus
Lamina IX |
C3-C5
Innervates diaphragm |
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Major Ascending Sensory Tracts
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Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus
Spinothalamic Tract Spinocerebellar Tracts (Dorsal and Ventral) |
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Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus Pathway
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Input from muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs, Meissner and Pacinian corpuscles
→ Dorsal root ganglion (1* neuron) lower extremeties: Gracilis fasciculus upper extremeties: Cuneatus fasciculus →Gracilis/Cuneatus Nuclei (2* neuron) in medulla →internal arcuate fibers decussates forming medial lemniscus →contralateral thalamus' ventral posterolateral nucleus (3* neuron) → 1* sensory cortex (Parietal lobe) |
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Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus function
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Descriminative touch, vibration, proprioception
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Spinothalamic Tract
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Input from free nerves endings, thermal receptors, pain fibers
→dorsal root ganglion (1* neuron) →dorsal horn Nucleus Proprius Laminae II and IV (2* neurons) →decussates in white commissure →contralateral ventral and lateral funiculi →Thalamus's Ventral Posterolateral Nucleus (3* neuron) → 1* sensory cortex (Parietal lobe) |
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Spinothalamic Tract function
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Pain, Temperature, light touch
(Divides ventrally and laterally) |
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Spinocerebellar Tracts function
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unconscious proprioception
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Dorsal Spinocerebellar Tract
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Input from muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs, pressure receptors
→Dorsal root ganglion (1* neuron) → Gray matter Nucleus Dorsalis of Clarke Lamina VII (2* neuron) →Inferior Cerebellar Peduncles in the Lateral funiculus → Cerebellum |
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Ventral Spincerebellar Tract
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Input from muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs, pressure receptors
→Dorsal root ganglion (1* neuron) → Gray matter Spinal Border cells Lamina VII, VIII, IX (2* neuron) →Decussates in ventral white commissure →Superior Cerebellar Peduncles in the Lateral funiculus decussates again → Cerebellum |
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Cuneocerebellar Tract
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conveys unconscious proprioceptive information FROM upper extremeties
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Spinotectal Tract (afferent)
Tectospinal Tract (efferent) |
(afferent) orients eyes and head to a stimulus
(efferent) coordinates head and eye movements |
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Spinoreticular Tract (afferent)
Reticulospinal Tract (efferent) |
(afferent) forms part of the Reticular Activating system
involved in perception of visceral pain (efferent) controls ordinary unconscious movement |
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Corticospinal Tract function
(Pyramidal Tract) |
Conveys voluntary motory information from cerbral cortex to limbs
(Subdivides to Lateral and Ventral Tracts) |
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Corticospinal Tract
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Cerebral cortex
→ Crus cerebri in midbrain → Pons → most decussates in caudal medulla forming the Lateral Corticospinal tract → some don't decussate and form the Ventral Corticospinal tract →Ventral horn →Skeletal Muscle |
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Medial Longitudinal Fasiculus tract
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controls head movement to maintain equilibrium
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Vestibulospinal Tract
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mediates equilibrium by coordinating vestibular apparatus in inner ear with axial muscles and limbs
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Stretch Reflex
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monosynaptic - 2 neurons
muscle spindle senses stretch → contraction by synapsing motory neurons in ventral horn important for posture and tendon jerk reflex |
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Flexor Reflex
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Polysynaptic
harmful stimulus →dorsal horn →motor neurons in ventral horn important for protective reflex |
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Lower Motor Neuron Lesions
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Ventral horn motor neuron damage
interrupts nerve to muscle connection →Flaccid paralysis, Muscle atrophy, Areflexia |
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Upper Motor Neuron Lesions
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Cerebral cortex to Corticospinal Tract neurons damaged
→Spasticity, Clonus, Hyperreflexia |
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Brown-Sequard Syndrome
Dorsal Column Medial Lemnisucs |
Ilislateral loss of discriminitive touch, vibration and prprioception
contralateral if lesion is at cortex |
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Brown-Sequard Syndrome
Spinothalamic Tract |
Contralateral loss of pain, temperature and light touch
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Brown-Sequard Syndrome
Corticospinal Tract |
Ipsilateral spastic paralysis, hyperreflexia and clonus
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Subacute Combined Degeneration
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Vitamin B12 deficiency
MCB test: Megaloblastic macrocyctic anemia (large immature red blood cells) Symmetrical demyelination of Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus can progress to Corticospinal Tract seen in many Vegans or those with stomach surgery → lacks intrinsic enzymes |
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Neurohypophysis
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Posterior pituitary circumventricular organ
secretes hormones: oxytocin & ADH |
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Area Postrema
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Floor of 4th Ventricle circumvetricular organ
induces vomiting response to noxious ingestion |
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Pineal Gland Circadian
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Epithalamus circumventricular organ
secretes melatonin |
