Neuroanatomy 19: Higher-Order Cerebral Function

Front 1

Most people are (right or left) brained?

Back 1

left (right handed)

Front 2

Broca's Area is in what lobe?

Back 2

frontal lobe

Front 3

Broca's Area is supplied by which artery?

Back 3

superior MCA

Front 4

Broca's and Wernicke's Area are connected across what major landmark?

Back 4

Sylvian Fissure

Front 5

Broca's and Wernicke's Area are connected by what pathway?

Back 5

arcuate fasciculus

Front 6

Wernicke's Area is in which lobe?

Back 6

Temporal

Front 7

Wernicke's Area is supplied by which artery?

Back 7

inferior MCA

Front 8

Incorrect syntax or grammatical structure indicates (Broca's or Wernicke's)?

Back 8

Broca's

Front 9

Difficulty reading is more associated with damage to (Broca's or Wernicke's)?

Back 9

Wernicke's

Front 10

Hemispheres are connected by ...

Back 10

corpus callosum

Front 11

Aphasia is caused by a lesion of the (dominant or non-dominant hemisphere)

Back 11

dominant (usually left)

Front 12

Decreased fluency is caused by damage to (Broca's or Wernicke's)?

Back 12

Broca's

Front 13

Prosody is seen in damage to (Broca's or Wernicke's)?

Back 13

Broca's

Front 14

Impaired repetition is seen with which aphasia? (Broca's or Wernicke's)

Back 14

Both

Front 15

Comprehension is damaged in which aphasia? (Broca's or Wernicke's)

Back 15

Wernicke's

Front 16

Unawareness of a deficit is seen with which aphasia? (Broca's or Wernicke's)

Back 16

Wernicke's

Front 17

Contralateral field cut is associated with which aphasia? (Broca's or Wernicke's)

Back 17

Wernicke's

Front 18

Right hemiparesis and dysarthria are associated with which aphasia? (Broca's or Wernicke's)

Back 18

Broca's

Front 19

Impaired fluency, comprehension and repetition indicate which aphasia?

Back 19

Global

Front 20

Patient with normal fluency and normal comprehension, but difficulty with repetition indicates which aphasia?

Back 20

conduction aphasia; involves damage to the arcuate fasciculus that connects Wernicke's and broca areas

Front 21

Transcortical aphasias are most commonly caused by ...

Back 21

watershed infarcts (ACA/MCA for motor, MCA/PCA for sensory)

Front 22

A Motor transcortical aphasia is caused by an infarct in which watershed area?

Back 22

ACA/MCA watershed

Front 23

A sensory transcortical aphasia is caused by an infarct in which watershed area?

Back 23

MCA/PCA watershed

Front 24

Patient with normal comprehension, normal repetition, but damaged fluency?

Back 24

transcortical motor aphasia (ACA/MCA watershed infarct)

Front 25

Patient with normal fluency, normal repetition, but damaged comprehension?

Back 25

transcortical sensory aphasia (MCA/PCA watershed infarct)

Front 26

Decreased repetition is caused by damage to ....

Back 26

arcuate fasciculus (that connects the Broca/Wernicke over the Sylvian fissure)

Front 27

Normal fluency, comprehension and repetition, but some naming difficulties?

Back 27

Anomia/dysnomia

Front 28

What is alexia?

Back 28

inability to read not caused by sensory or motor defects

Front 29

What is agraphia?

Back 29

inability to write not caused by sensory or motor defects

Front 30

Agraphia without alexia is typically due to a lesion where?

Back 30

language dominant parietal lobe

Front 31

Alexia without agraphia is typically due to a lesion where?

Back 31

damage to dominant occipital cortex (often a PCA infarct); inability to read their own writing

Front 32

Alexia is an acquired neuro deficit while dyslexia is a developmental disorder. They are different things.

Back 32

fun fact

Front 33

4 symtoms of Gerstmann Syndrome

Back 33

agraphia, acalculia, right/left disorientation, finger agnosia

Front 34

Gerstmann Syndrome is caused by a lesion where?

Back 34

dominant inferior parietal lobe, near angular gyrus

Front 35

Using a body part as a tool indicates...

Back 35

apraxia; poorly localized lesion

Front 36

What is apraxia?

Back 36

inability to perform coordinated tasks

Front 37

What is aphemia?

Back 37

apraxia of speech articulation (without language disturbance)

Front 38

Foreign accent syndrome is an example of what type of deficit?

Back 38

aphemia (verbal apraxia)

Front 39

Cortical deafness is produced by lesions where?

Back 39

near Heschl's gyrus (primary auditory cortex)

Front 40

What is cortical deafness?

Back 40

aware that a sound occurred, but unable to identify the stimuli (verbal or non-verbal)

Front 41

What is pure word deafness?

Back 41

unable to identify spoken words, but can recognize non-verbal sounds; lesion in dominant auditory region and subcortex (cutting off contralateral auditory inputs also)

Front 42

What is non-verbal auditory agnosia?

Back 42

patient understands speech, but not other sounds; lesion of non-dominant hemisphere

Front 43

Disconnection syndromes are caused primarily by lesions where?

Back 43

corpus callosum

Front 44

A patient with difficulty moving their hands in the same direction may have a lesion where?

Back 44

corpus callosum, both sides of the brain are not communicating

Front 45

Most important hemisphere for attention mechanisms in most people?

Back 45

right; lesions can lead to contralateral attention deficits

Front 46

Regarding attention, the left brain responds to stimuli on the ______ side. the right brain responds to stimuli on the _____ sides.

Back 46

left brain responds to stimuli on the right side. right brain responds to stimuli on both sides (more strongly left)

Front 47

Net attention is directed in which direction in most people? (left or right)

Back 47

left (right brain is most commonly used in attention and that biases attention to the left)

Front 48

Hemi-neglect is due to lesions where?

Back 48

parietal or frontal lobes; contralateral neglect

Front 49

What is anosodiaphoria?

Back 49

patient is aware of severe neuro deficits, but shows no emotion or concern about it (right hemisphere lesion)

Front 50

Language is a function of the (dominant or non-dominant hemisphere)?

Back 50

dominant

Front 51

Prosody (voice emotion) is a function of the (dominant or non-dominant hemisphere)?

Back 51

non-dominant

Front 52

Spatial analysis is a function of the (dominant or non-dominant hemisphere)?

Back 52

non-dominant

Front 53

Praxis (motor formulation) is a function of the (dominant or non-dominant hemisphere)?

Back 53

dominant

Front 54

Deja Vu is associated with what lesions?

Back 54

right temporal

Front 55

What is Capgrass syndrome?

Back 55

patient thinks family/friends have been replaced with imposters (right hemisphere lesion)

Front 56

Fregoli syndrome

Back 56

patient thinks people are just in disguise (right hemisphere lesions)

Front 57

Lesions of the dorsolateral convexity of the frontal lobe lead to ...

Back 57

apathetic, lifeless patients

Front 58

Orbitofrontal lesions of the frontal lobe lead to ...

Back 58

impulsive, poor judgement patients

Front 59

Left frontal lesions generally lead to ...

Back 59

depression

Front 60

Right frontal lesions generally lead to ...

Back 60

mania

Front 61

Lesions of the orbitofrontal area can affect which cranial nerve?

Back 61

1; olfactory

Front 62

Pathways that connect visual cortex to parieto-occipital association areas that ask "where"?

Back 62

dorsal pathways for spatial relations

Front 63

Pathways that connect visual cortex to occipito-temporal association areas that ask "what"?

Back 63

ventral pathways for identifying information

Front 64

Cortical blindness is caused by lesions where?

Back 64

bilateral visual cortex

Front 65

What is prosopagnosia?

Back 65

inability to recognize people's faces

Front 66

Prosopagnosia is caused by a lesion where?

Back 66

bilateral inferior ocipito-temporal cortex

Front 67

Disorder of color perception

Back 67

achromatopsia; patient is aware of deficit, can only really see gray

Front 68

Color agnosia is caused by a lesion where?

Back 68

dominant visual cortex + corpus callosum

Front 69

Achromatopsia is caused by a lesion where?

Back 69

bilateral inferior ocipito-temporal cortex

Front 70

3 signs of Balint's Syndrome

Back 70

simultagnosia (can't percieve visual scene as whole), optic ataxia (can't reach for point under visual guidance), ocular apraxia (difficulty moving eye peripherally)

Front 71

Balint's Syndrome is caused by lesions where?

Back 71

bilateral dorsoparieto-occipital association cortex

Front 72

Auditory hallucinations can be caused by lesions where?

Back 72

pontine tegmentum

Front 73

Studying during a party is an example of what type of attention?

Back 73

sustained

Front 74

Most common cause of impaired attention

Back 74

diffuse encephalopathy; focal lesions are harder to identify and found all over the brain

Front 75

Dementia is defined as ...

Back 75

decline in mental function form previously high function to impaired functional status

Front 76

Most common cause of acute confusional states

Back 76

toxic or metabolic disorders

Front 77

Major cause of dementia

Back 77

Alzheimer's/Lewy Body Dementia

Front 78

2nd biggest cause of dementia

Back 78

frontotemporal lobar degeneration (dysfunctional tau)

Front 79

Binswanger Disease

Back 79

diffuse subcortical infarcts with chronic hypertension

Front 80

Which vitamin deficiency leads to pellagra? What characterizes this disorder?

Back 80

niacin; three D's (dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea)

Front 81

Intracellular aggregates found in Alzheimers are made of ...

Back 81

defective tau proteins (neurofibrillary tangles)

Front 82

Extracellular aggregates found in Alzheimers are made of ...

Back 82

B-amyloid from APP protein (cleaved by y-secretase)

Front 83

Which lipoprotein is implicated in Alzheimers?

Back 83

ApoE4