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166 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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This structure gives rise to the CNS
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x
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The neural crest derivatives are
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x
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The forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain respectively are derivatives of which primary vesicles
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x
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The prosencephalon gives rise to which secondary vesicles
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x
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The rhombencephalon gives rise to which secondary vesicles
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x
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A rostral neuropore results in ____ while a caudal nueropore results in _____
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x
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The white matter and grey matter of the spinal cord arise from _____ and ____ while the ependymal cells arise from _____
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x
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Which components of the ventricular system are found on the midline? Which are paired?
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x
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Which brain flexures are found on the ventral surface? Dorsal?
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x
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Structures dorsal of the sulcus limitans comprise the ___ plate and are (sensory/motor). Ventral?
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x
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Which ventricles are I & II?
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x
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Where is the optic tract found and where does it terminate?
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x
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What structures make up the metathalmus?
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x
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Which structures form the rostral and caudal limits of the diencephalon?
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x
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In which portion of the brain is the third ventricle found?
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x
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What forms the roof and the floor of the mesencephalon and what separates these two strucutres?
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x
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In which portion of the brain are the rostral and caudal halves of the fourth ventricle found, respectively?
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x
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What structures form the rostral and caudal limits of the myelencephalon?
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x
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What controls the autonomic n.s.? Which portions control the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, respectively?
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x
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What features of the autonomic n.s. distinguish it from the somatic?
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x
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Which division of the autonomic n.s. is adrenergic? Cholinergic? What are the relative pre- and post-ganglionic fiber lengths of each of these?
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x
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Where are the preganglionic cell bodies of the sympathetic n.s.? The parasympathetic?
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x
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What 2 types of ganglia does the sympathetic n.s. synapse in?
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x
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What are examples of paravertebral ganglia? The four prevertebral ganglia?
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x
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What is the ramus communicans?
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x
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The sudomotor, pilomotor, and vasomotor sympathetic innervation target what structures?
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x
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Which named nerves are preganglionic sympathetic? Postgangionic?
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x
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Where is the site of synapse for the sympathetic inn. of the head?
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x
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What are the two sites of origin for parasympathetic preganglionic cell bodies?
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x
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Which cranial n.n. provide sites of origin for parasympathetic n.s.? What is the other site of origin for the parasympathetic n.s.?
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x
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Which nuclei of the parasympathetic n.s. synapse in named ganglia? Terminal ganglia?
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x
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The Edinger Westphal nucleus is assoc. w/ which cranial n.? The cuadal salivatory?
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x
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The 2 parasympathetic nuclei associated with CN VII are?
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x
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The dorsal vagal nucleus is assoc. w/ which cranial n.? Where does it synapse?
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x
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Where do the sacral neurons of the parasympathetic n.s. synapse?
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x
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Where does the spinal cord terminate in canine, equine, bovine, and feline spp.?
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x
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What is an intumescence? Where on the spinal cord are the cervical and lumbar intumescences?
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x
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What are the conus medullaris and the filum terminale?
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x
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What fills the vertebral canal distal to the conus medullaris?
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x
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The funiculi and horns of the spinal cord are (grey/white) matter respectively.
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x
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The lateral horn is found in what region of the spinal cord?
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x
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What is the functional arrangement of spinal cord neurons from dorsal to ventral?
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GSA
GVA (sulcus limitans) GVE GSE |
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Where is the olfactory bulb found?
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x
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Where is the olfactory cortex?
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x
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Sulci and gyri are dorsal features of which portion of the brain?
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x
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What is the tuber cinereum and where is it located?
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x
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Which sensory pathways synapse in the medial and lateral geniculate bodies, respectively? Where are the geniculate bodies found?
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x
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What portion of the ventricular system is found in the diencephalon?
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x
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What is the interthalamic adhesion and what surrounds it?
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x
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Which cranial nerve emerges from the diencephalon?
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x
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The interpeduncular fossa is the space between the L&R ______ of the mesencephalon. These structures are found (dorsal/ventral).
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x
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The (rostral/caudal) colliculus of the corpora quadrigemina is responsible for visual reflexes. Auditory? Where are these structures found?
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x
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The mesencephalon contains which portion of the ventricular system?
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x
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Which is the only cranial nerve to exit from the dorsal surface? Which portion of the brain does it emerge from? Which other CN is found here?
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x
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The (transverse/longitudinal) fibers of the pons are pyramidal motor fibers going into the cerebellum. Which fibers are deeper?
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x
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These structures connect the cerebellum to the brainstem.
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x
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Trace the path of the pyramidal motor fibers.
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x
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Where is the olive and what is it the side of synapse for?
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x
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What is the dorsal surface of the myelencephalon characterized by?
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x
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The most medial tract of the myelencephalon is the _____, followed moving laterally by the ____ & ____.
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x
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What is the obex?
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x
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The rostral 1/2 of the fourth ventricle is found where? caudal?
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x
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What are the sulcus limitans and dorsal median sulcus in the fourth ventricle?
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x
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Which cranial n.n. emerge from the myelencephalon?
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x
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In general, conscious sensory pathways are relayed to _____ while unconscious are relayed to _____ & _____.
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x
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In general, sensory information from the body is relayed via _____ while information from the head is relayed via _____.
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x
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Which parts of the fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus tracts are shared?
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x
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Where is the conscious procprioception ipsilateral? Contralateral? Where does it cross?
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x
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What is the common location of all primary cell bodies in proprioceptive pathways?
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x
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The axons of the secondary neurons in the VSCT cross at the ____, and ascend in the lateral funiculus.
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x
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The DSCT enters the (rostral/caudal) cerebellar peduncle, while the VSCT enters the (rostral/caudal) peduncle.
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x
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Which unconscious proprioceptive tracts enter the caudal cerebellar peduncle? the rostral?
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x
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Describe the somatotopic organization of the sensory tracts as they run through the spinal cord from medial to lateral.
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x
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Reflex arcs for pain may be monosynaptic or polysynaptic.
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-
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After synapse in the dorsal gray horn, axons of the spinothalmic tract for pain in primates ascend (ipsi-/contra-)laterally in the ventrolateral funiculus to synapse where?
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xx
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How does pain sensation differ in most animals from primates?
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x
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The first neuron cell body of the quintothalmamic pathways for cranial GSA is found where?
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x
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The second neuron CB of both the cranial reflex arc and the relay pathway of the quintothalamic pathway for cranial GSA can be found in one of which two nuclei?
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x
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Axons from which pathways contribute to the formation of the internal capsule?
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x -- remember motor systems!!
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The (upper/lower) motor system is responsible for initiation of motor activity, maintenance of muscle tone, and autonomic function.
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x
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The (pyramidal/extrapyramidal) motor system regulated fine motor activity. Follow the path of the axons of this system to the brainstem.
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x
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Where do corticopontine fibers of the pyramidal motor system terminate and what purpose do they serve?
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x
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What is the regulatory target of corticonuclear fibers of the pyramidal motor system?
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x
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T/F: Corticospinal fibers of the pyramidal motor system descend the spinal cord ipsilaterally.
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Trick question
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The (extrapyramidal/pyramidal) motor system is more highly organized.
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x
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Which structures form the corpus striatum from external --> internal?
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x
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The lentiform nucleus is formed by?
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xx
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Where is the caudate nucleus located and what information does it receive?
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x
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The overlap of the pyramidal and extrapyramidal motor systems occurs where? (ie what is the relay ctr of the motor systems)
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x
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The zona incerta, endopeduncular nucleus, and suthalamic nucleus of the extrapyramidal motor system are found where?
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x
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The substantia nigra, a mesencephalic nucleus of the extrapyramidal motor system, uses what molecule as a transmitter? Why is it black? What well-known disease affects it?
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x
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The red nucleus in the mesencephalon gives rise to which tract of the extrapyramidal motor system? What is notable about this tract?
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x
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The rhobmencephalic extrapyramidal nuclei of the met- and myelencephalon are located in which two structures?
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xx
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The pontine reticular formation is (excitatory/inhibitory) while the medullary reticular formation is (excitatory/inhibitory) on the extensor muscles.
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xx
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The olivary nucleus of the extrapyramidal motor system is responsible for conveying information to which structure?
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x
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Signs such as hyperreflexia, hypertonus, and spastic paralysis are due to disruption of what system?
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x
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Convergence and summation are characteristics of the lower motor neuron system.
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-
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(Gamma/alpha) motor neurons innervate extrafusal or "regular" skeletal muscle fibers while (gamma/alpha) motor neurons innervate intrafusal fibers, which are modified and contain a smooth muscle spindle.
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x
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What are the targets of GSE, SVE, and GVE cranial neurons respectively?
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x
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A myotatic reflex is (mono-/polysynaptic). Which type (mono or poly) is more common?
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x
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Toxins affect which part of the LMN? Inflammation?
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x
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The ventral root and spinal nerve proper of a LMN can be affected by which types of lesions?
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x
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Signs such as hyporeflexia, hypotonia, and flaccid paralysis indicate damage to which system?
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x
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The concept of neurobiotaxis refers to what?
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x
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The nucleus of the occulomotor nerve (CNIII) is located where? What is the target of this nerve?
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x
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Which cranial nerves contribute to GSE?
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x
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The nucleus of CN IV, trochlear n. is located where? What does this nerve target?
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x
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The nucleus of the abducens nerve (CN VI) is located where? This nerve targets what?
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x
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CNXII targets the tongue. Where is its' nucleus located?
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x
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Strabismus is a sign of damage to which cranial nerves?
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x
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Tongue atrophy indicates damage to which cranial nerve?
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x
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Which cranial nerves contribute to SVE?
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x
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CN V (trigeminal) originates where? Innervates?
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x
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CN VII (facial) originates where? Innervates?
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x
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Which nerves originate in the nucleus ambiguus?
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x
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The palate, pharynx, larynx, and esophagus are innervated as a group by which cranial nerves?
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x
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The (external/internal) root of CNXI (accessory) innervates the larynx and esophagus with the vagus n., while the (external/internal) root innervates the cervical muscles.
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x
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Signs such as slack jaw and asymmetric chewing indicate damage to which CN? Dysphagia?
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x
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The (rostral/caudal) hypothalamus controls the parasympathetic system, while the (rostral/caudal) controls the sympathetic system.
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x
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The craniosacral component contains (para-/sympathetic) LMNs, while the thoracolumbar component contains (para-/sympathetic) LMNs
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x
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LMN innervation of the viscera allows ganglia to be classified as either sympathetic or parasympathetic.
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x
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The celiac, cranial mesenteric, and caudal mesenteric sympathetic ganglia are (pre-/para-)vertebral, while the sympathetic chain ganglia and cranial, middle, and caudal cervical ganglia are (pre-/para-)vertebral.
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x
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Horner's syndrome, which is characterized by enophthlamos, protrusion of the third eyelid, and constricted pupil, is a sign of damage to what system?
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x
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The Edigner Westphal nucleus is the parasympathetic site of origin for which cranial nerve? This nerve synapses in the ciliary ganglion.
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x
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CN VII (facial) has two parasympathetic GVE nuclei of origin: the rostral salivatory and the lacrimal. Where do fibers from each synapse, respectively?
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x
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The caudal salivatory nucleus is the parsympathetic site of origin for which CN? This nerve synpases in the otic ganglion.
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x
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CN X has its parasympathetic GVE nucleus of origin in the dorsal nucleus of the vagal nerve. Where does it synapse?
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x
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The sacral component of the parasympathetic GVE system gives rise to what nerve? This nerve synapses in what two sites?
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x
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The semicircular duct functions in (dynamic/static) equilibrium while the utricle and saccule, found in the vestibule, function in (dynamic/static) equilibrium.
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x
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What is a kinocilium? What kind of cell has a kinocilium?
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x
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The cristae ampullares are found where? What type of movement do they detect?
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x
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The maculae are found where? What type of movement do they detect?
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x
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What type of cells are the vestibular cells?
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x
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Where do the primary fibers of the vestibular cells synapse? (2 locations)
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x
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What are the functions of the medial and lateral vestibulospinal tracts, respectively?
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x
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What is the target of the vestibulomesencephalic tract?
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x
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The vestibulocerebellar tract synapses in which two areas of the cerebellum to coordinate balance?
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x
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The medial longitudinal fasciculus has an (ascending/descending) branch formed by the vestibulomesencephalic tract and an (ascending/descending) branch which contributes to the formation of the medial vestibulospinal tract. This results in reflexive control of eye movement and neck muscles.
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x
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Vestibular disease results in (increased/decreased) ipsilateral extensor tone and (increased/decreased) contralateral extensor tone.
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x
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Asymmetric ataxia, falling, and circling are signs of what type of disease?
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x
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Nystagmus indicates what type of disease?
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x
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The ridges of the cerebellum are referred to as what?
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x
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The ___ fissure of the cerebellum separates the rostral and caudal lobes while the ___ fissure separates caudal and flocculonodular lobes.
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x
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What is the arrangement of the cerebellar nuclei from medial to lateral?
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x
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Which cerebellar lobes correspond to the "archi-" "paleo-" and "neocerebellum" respectively?
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x
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The three histological layers of the cerebellum from external to internal are:
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x
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The ___ fibers of the cerebellum connect the olivary complex to molecular layer and Purkinje dendrites.
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x
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The ___ fibers of the cerebellum may originate from the pyramidal motor system, the spinocerebellar pathways, and the vestibular system and synapse on granule cells.
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x
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The cerebellar fibers connect granule to Purkinje cells are known as:
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x
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Which tract delivers afferent information regarding proprioception to the cerebellum? Which tracts provide extrapyramidal and pyramidal motor info, respecively?
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x
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Which lobe/portion of the cerebellum is known as the vestibulocerebllum?
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x
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The spinocerebellum refers to which portion or lobe?
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x
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Which lobe corresponds to the pontocerebellum, responsible for fine movement?
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x
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Ipsilateral disease signs including dysmetria, broad-based stance, lack of coordination, and various vestibular signs indicate a lesion in which area of the nervous system?
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x
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The telencephalon develops from which primary vesicle?
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x
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What are the tentorium cerebri and falx cerebri? Where are they found?
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x
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The (putamen/pallidum) of the lenticular nucleus receives afferent info, while the (putamen/pallidum) recieves efferent.
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x
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Lobe associations:
Motor cortex/thought? Sensory association and proprioception? Auditory, memory, emotion? Visual? |
xxxx
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Info btw brainstem and cerebrum is carried by ____ fibers
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x
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The rostral commissure is (dorsal/ventral) to the corpus callosum and is associated with which sense?
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x
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The subcortical nuclei that make up the corpus striatum are also known as ___ ganglia. They include:
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x
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Where is the site of synapse for CN1?
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x
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The rhinencephalon is also known as?
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x
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The olfactory tracts synapse where?
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x
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The system that regulates emotional behavior and visceral autonomic response is?
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x
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The structure described as an internalized gyrus of the temporal lobe, which regulates memory processing is?
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x
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