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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are glial cells?
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supporting cells for the nervous system
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Action potentials enter a neuron on what anatomical part of the neuron?
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dendrites
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CNS myelin is made by ...
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oligodendrocytes
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PNS myelin is made by ...
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Schwann cells
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Nodes of Ranvier function
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rapid electric conduction down a neuron
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What is neuromodulation?
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neurotransmitters function to send impulses (excitatory or inhibitory), but can also neuromodulate. this refers to their regulation of neuronal activity by working as a hormone
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GABA is typically (excitatory or inhibitory)?
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inhibitory in CNS
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Glutamate is typically (excitatory or inhibitory)?
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excitatory in CNS
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Glycine (as a neurotransmitter) is typically (excitatory or inhibitory)?
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inhibitory in spinal cord
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What makes up gray matter?
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neuron cell bodies
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What makes up white matter?
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myelinated neuronal axons
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In the brain, which is found more superficial? White or gray matter?
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Gray matter (cerebral cortex) is the outer brain, with the myelinated neurons (white matter) inside of it
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What is a commissure?
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white matter pathway that connects hemispheres. the corpus callosum is the biggest one
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Dorsal nerve roots convey what information?
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sensory
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Ventral nerve roots convey what information?
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motor
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Spinal cord ends at what level normally?
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L1/L2
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The "cervical enlargement" refer to what?
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spinal cord are where there is more gray matter in the cervical region, correlated to brachial plexus roots
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Preganglionic sympathetic cell bodies are found where?
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T1-L2 intermediolateral horns
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Preganglionic parasympathetic cell bodies are found where?
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cranial nerves and S2-S4 cord
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What is a sulcus?
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infoldings of the cortex
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What is a gyrus?
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bumps of cortex between sulci
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4 lobes of cerebral cortex
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frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital
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What is a brain fissure?
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deep sulcus
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What is the anterior border of the parietal lobe?
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central sulcus
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What is the anterior border of the occipital lobe?
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parieto-occipital sulcus
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What is a gyrus?
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bumps of cortex between sulci
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Frontal and Parietal operculum cover what brain structure?
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insular cortex
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The corpus callosum lies in what plane?
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saggital, under the sagittal fissure
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4 lobes of cerebral cortex
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frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital
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What is a brain fissure?
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deep sulcus
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What is the anterior border of the parietal lobe?
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central sulcus
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What is the anterior border of the occipital lobe?
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parieto-occipital sulcus
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Frontal and Parietal operculum cover what brain structure?
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insular cortex
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The corpus callosum lies in what plane?
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sagittal, under the sagittal fissure
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Where is the lingula of the brain located?
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lower portion of the occipital lobe below the calcarine fissure
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4 parts of the corpus callosum
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rostrum, genu, body, splenium
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Where is the primary MOTOR cortex found in the brain?
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PRE-central gyrus
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Where is the primary SENSORY cortex found in the brain?
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POST-central gyrus
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What structure separates the primary motor cortex from the primary sensory cortex?
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central sulcus
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Where is the primary visual cortex found?
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caudal portion of occipital lobe, along calcarine fissure
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Where is the primary auditory cortex located?
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temporal lobe, along Sylvian fissure on transverse gyrus of Heschl
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The Sylvian fissure is found in which lobe of the brain?
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Temporal
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Lateral portions of the "homunculus" control what major part of the body?
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facial region; highest surface area for motor and sensory
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Which layer of neocortex sends output to the thalamus?
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layer 6/polymorphic layer (it is the deepest and closest to the thalamus)
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Which layer of neocortex receives input from the thalamus?
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layer 4 (granular layer)
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Motor cortex is Broadman's area # ...
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4
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Somatosensory cortex is Broadman's area # ...
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1, 2, 3
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The corticospinal tract controls ...
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motor function
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The corticospinal tract crosses where?
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pyramidal decussation of the medulla
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A lesion of the corticospinal tract on the right above the pyramids will cause motor loss on which side?
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left paralysis
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A lesion of the corticospinal tract on the right below the pyramids will cause motor loss on which side?
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right paralysis
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The posterior somatosensory column controls which sensation?
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proprioception, vibration, 2 point discrimination
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Where does the posterior somatosensory column cross?
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medulla
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The anterolateral somatosensory column controls which sensation?
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pain, temperature, crude touch
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Where does the anterolateral somatosensory column cross?
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at the spinal level is innervates
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A patient is stabbed in the left spinal cord at T3. Which side will lose pain, temperature and crude touch sensation below the lesion?
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contralateral right side loses it since the anterolateral column fibers cross at the spinal levels of the lesion
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A patient is stabbed in the left spinal cord at T3. Which side will lose proprioception, vibration and fine touch sensation?
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ipsilateral left side. since it is below the medulla (at T3) the dorsal column fibers have already crossed and are now innervating the ipsilateral side sensation
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The spinothalamic column controls which sensation?
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spinothalamic = anterolateral column. pain, temperature, crude touch.
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The Dorsal-lemniscal column controls which sensation?
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proprioception, vibration, fine touch
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Thalamus function
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relaying sensory and motor information from the cord to the cortex
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A lower motor neuron lesion may results in what type of reflex?
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diminished hyporeflexia
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Why does a lower motor neuron lesion result in hyporeflexia?
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in a monosynaptic reflex arc, some afferent fibers synapse directly on lower motor neurons (found in the spinal cord) that transmit the efferent motor signal. if the lower motor neurons are damaged, the reflex is diminished
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An upper motor neuron lesion results in what type of reflex?
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hyper-reflexia
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Why do upper motor neuron lesions result in hyper-reflexia?
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upper motor neurons from higher brain areas have a role in modulating the stretch reflex
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What is the reticular formation?
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region of the brainstem that contains many cranial nerve nuclei
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Memory, emotion and appetite are controlled by what collective system?
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limbic system (hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus)
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What does the association cortex do?
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higher order processing
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What is a unimodal association area?
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higher order processing for one sense
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What is a heteromodal association area?
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higher order processing when taking in many senses
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A patient with a problem conveying language and words to you most likely has a problem with which part of the brain?
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Broca's area; this is expressive aphasia
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A patient with a problem hearing and understanding language and words most likely has a problem with which part of the brain?
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Wernicke's area; this is sensory aphasia
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What is apraxia?
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inability to execute motor actions
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Which hemisphere of the brain is usually dominant in patients?
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left is most common dominance
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What anosognia?
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unawareness of a sensory deficit; due to hemineglect
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What is extinction?
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stimulus is perceived properly when given to on side. but when given to both sides, there is neglect contralateral to the lesion
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What does it mean if a patient perseverates?
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repeats same action repeatedly without moving on
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What is prosopagnosia?
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inability to recognize faces
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What is Achromatophasia?
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inability to recognize colors
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What is palinopsia?
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persistence of previously viewed objects
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Vertebral arteries branch off of which major artery?
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subclavian
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Vertebral arteries converge to form which artery?
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basilar artery
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Major vein for venous drainage of the brain?
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internal jugular
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Where is the anterior spinal artery found?
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down the anterior midline of the cord
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Where are the posterior spinal arteries found?
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dorsolateral spinal cord
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