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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
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#1.4
Internal Structure of the Medulla Oblongata: Level of Decussation of the Pyramids (Motor Decussation) |
Cavity = Central Canal
4 Nuclei = Gracilis, Cuneate, Spinal Nu. of CN V, Motor of CN 11 Motor Tracts = Decussation of the Corticospinal Tr Sensory Tracts = Spinal Tr of CNV, Post. Spinocerebellar Tr, Ant Spinocerebllar Tr, Lat Spinothallmic Tr |
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#1.4
Internal Structure of the Medulla Oblongata Level of Decussation of the Lemnisci (Sensory Decussation) |
Cavity = Central Canal
Nuclei = Gracilis, Cuneate, Spinal Nu of CNV, Motor Nu of CN XII, Motor Tract = Pyramidal Tr Sensory Tract = Decussation of Medial Lemniscus, Cuneate and Gracilis Fasiculi, Spinal Tr of CNV, Post & Ant Spinocerebellar Tr, Lat Spinothalmic Tr |
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#1.5
Pons and Mesencephalon (Cranial Nerves of) Level of Facial Colliculus (Caudal, Inf cut) through Pons |
Cavity = 4th Ventricle
Nuclei = CN V, VI, VII, Medial Vestibular Nuclei, Pontine, Trapezoid, Sup Olivary, Reticular Formation Motor Tracts = Corticospinal, Corticobulbar, Transvers Pontine Fibers, MLF Sensory Tracts = Spinal Nu of CNV, Lat Spinal, Medial Lemniscus |
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#1.5
Pons and Mesencephalon (Cranial Nerves of) Level of Facial Colliculus (Caudal, Inf cut) through Pons |
Medial Lemniscus - most Ant part of Tegmentum, w/ spinal and lat Lemnisci
Facial Nu - prod by CN VII winding arnd CN VI Nu Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus - MLF, beneath floor of 4V, main pathway conn. Vestibular and Cochlear Nu w/ nu ctrl Extra-Ocular Nu (CN III, IV, VI) Med Vestibular Nu - lat to CN V Post and Ant Cochlear Nu Spinal Nu of CN V Trapezoid Body - fibers from contralat Cochlear Nu & Trapezoid Body w/ nu of Trap Body interspersed btw fibers |
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#1.5
Pons and Mesencephalon (Cranial Nerves of) Level of Facial Colliculus (Caudal, Inf cut) through Pons |
Pontine Nuclei - where cortico-pontine fibers of crus cerebri from Midbrain terminate. Mid Cerebellar Peduncle -> Cerebellum
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#1.5
Pons and Mesencephalon (Cranial Nerves of) Level of Trigeminal Nuclei (Cranial part) of Pons |
Cavity = 4th Ventricle
Nuclei = Main sensory nu of CNV, Pontine, Trapezoid, Motor nu of CNV, Locus Cerulus, Reticular Formation Motor Tracts = Corticospinal, Corticonuclear, Transvers Pontine, MLF, Sensory Tracts = Lat Lemniscus, Med Lemniscus, Spinal CNV |
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#1.5
Pons and Mesencephalon (Cranial Nerves of) Level of Trigeminal Nuclei (Cranial part) of Pons |
Motor Nu of CN V - beneath lat part of 4V in Reticular Form
Efferent fibers exit ant Principle Nu of CN V = lat to Motor nu. Cont. inf w/in Reticular Formation Sup Cerebellar Peduncle - post/lat to Motor CNV (Ant Spinocerebllar Tr) Trapezoid Body (Cochlear nu fibers decussating) Lat/Spinal Lemniscus Locus Cerulus - NorEpi |
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#1.5
Pons and Mesencephalon (Cranial Nerves of) Level of Trigeminal Nuclei (Cranial part) of Pons |
Pons Nuclei
CN V - Motor Nu (SM), Pontine Nu (Primary), Spinal Nu (SS) CN VI - Motor Nu (SM) CN VII - Motor Nu (SM), Sup Salivatory (VM), Nu of Solitary Tr (VS) CN VIII - Dors/Vent Cochlear Nu, Sup/Med/Lat/Inf Vestibular Nu |
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#1.5
Pons and Mesencephalon (Cranial Nerves of) Midbrain (Mesencephalon) |
2 Cerebral Peduncles - Crus Cerebri (Ant), Tegmentum (Post)
Cavity - Cerbral Aqueduct surrounded by PAGM Periaqueductal Grey Matter - w/in Tegmentum of Mesen., role in decuss. of modul. of pain & defen. behav stim act enkephalins to stim raphe nu in brainstem (5HT) Interpenduncular Fossa - sep. Crus, exit of CN III CN IV - exit dorsally below Inf Colliculi |
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#1.5
Pons and Mesencephalon (Cranial Nerves of) Midbrain (Mesencephalon) - level of Inf Colliculi |
Nuclei - Inf Colliculli, Subst. Nigra, CN IV, Mesencephalic Nu of CN V, Reticular Form
Motor Tr = Cortico-spinal, -nuclear, MLF, Temper-, Fronto-pontine Sensory Tr = Med & Lat Lemniscus, Trigeminal Tr, Spinal Trigeminal, Decussation of Sup Cerebellar Peduncles |
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#1.5
Pons and Mesencephalon (Cranial Nerves of) Midbrain (Mesencephalon) - level of Inf Colliculli |
Inf Colliculus - GrM of Auditory p/way (lat lemn > Inf Coll > Inf Brachium . Medial Geniculate Body)
PAGM - Mesen. Nu & Tr (Dors Tegm = Enkephalin, Dors raphe nu = 5HT) Trochlear Nu - central GrM, post to MLF, SM go arnd PAGM, exit below Inf Coll. Mesenceph. of CN V - lat to Aqueduct |
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#1.5
Pons and Mesencephalon (Cranial Nerves of) Midbrain (Mesencephalon) - level of Inf Colliculli |
Reticular Formation - smaller than pons, lat to decuss of Sup Cereb. Ped (SCP)
Subs. Nigra - motor nu, btw border of Temgentum and Crus Cerbri, multipolar nuer. prod Melanin, reg muscle tone, Nigrostiatal, Striatonigral Tr (stiatal = Basal Ggl) Nigrothalmic (non-DOPA fibers), Pars Compacta (DOPA), Pars Reticularis (GABA) |
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#1.5
Pons and Mesencephalon (Cranial Nerves of) Midbrain (Mesencephalon) - level of Inf Colliculli |
Med Lemniscus - VPL of Thalamus
Spinal Lemniscus - Lat Spino-thalmic, -tectal Tr Crus Cerebri - Desc. Tr, major cxn btw Cortex > SC nu, hypothalamus, basal nu, CN nu, cerebellum, Cortico-spinal, -nuclear Tr (middle of crus), Frontopontine (Med), Temperopontine (Lat) |
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#1.5
Pons and Mesencephalon (Cranial Nerves of) Midbrain (Mesencephalon) - level of Sup Colliculli |
Nuclei - Sup Collicullus, Sub Nigra, Oculomotor Nu, Edinger-Westpahl Nu, Red Nucleus, Mesencephalic Nu of CNV
Motor - Cortico-spinal, -nuclear, Tempero-, Fronto-pontine, MLF, decuss of Rubrospinal Tr Sens - Trigem, Spinal, Med Lemniscus |
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#1.5
Pons and Mesencephalon (Cranial Nerves of) Midbrain (Mesencephalon) - level of Sup Colliculli |
Sup Colliculli - GrM nu of Visual Reflexes, CN II > vis. cortex > Spinotectal Tr > Sup Coll > Sup Brachium > LGB > Tecto-spinal, - bulbar
Reflex move of eye, head, neck in resp to vis stimuli receive input from retina (Br# 9, 19) |
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#1.5
Pons and Mesencephalon (Cranial Nerves of) Midbrain (Mesencephalon) - level of Sup Colliculli |
Pretectal Nucleus - rec fibers of light reflex > EW Nu > CN III
CN III, EW Nu - med plane in central GrM, post to MLF Fibers > ant via red nu > interpeduncular fossa CN III - SM to Med Rectus, Inf Rectus, Sup Rectus, LEvator palabrae, Inf Oblique EW Nu - VM to PNS fibers . ciliary ggl (accomadation) |
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#1.5
Pons and Mesencephalon (Cranial Nerves of) Midbrain (Mesencephalon) - level of Sup Colliculli |
Red Nucleus - btw aqued and Sub Nigra, highly vascul & Fe content
bilat cerebral cortex, Lentiform Nu, Subthal, Hypoth, Sub Nigra, SC, Cerebellum > Red Nucleus > Rubro -spinal, -reticular, -thalmic, -olivary Tr |
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#1.5
Pons and Mesencephalon (Cranial Nerves of) Midbrain (Mesencephalon) - level of Sup Colliculli |
Red Nucleus - btw aqued and Sub Nigra, highly vascul & Fe content
bilat cerebral cortex, Lentiform Nu, Subthal, Hypoth, Sub Nigra, SC, Cerebellum > Red Nucleus > Rubro -spinal, -reticular, -thalmic, -olivary Tr |
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1.6 Somato -motor & -sensory Nuclei of Cranial Nerves
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Somatomotor
Mesen 3,4 Pons 5,6,7 MO 9,10,11,12 |
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1.6 Somato -motor & -sensory Nuclei of Cranial Nerves
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Somatosensory
Mesen 5 (Mesencephalic Nu of Trigem) Pons 5 (Chief Nu of Trigem and some Spinal) MO 5 (Spinal Nu of Trigem) |
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1.6 Somato -motor & -sensory Nuclei of Cranial Nerves
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Dorsalmedial Column - myogenic dev from myotomes of mesoderm of head
3,4,6,12 Ventrolateral Column - dev from 4 modalities, dev from brachial arches 5,7,9,10,11 |
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1.7 Viscero -motor & -sensory Nuclei of Cranial Nerves
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Visceromotor
Mesen 3 EW (para to Constr. Pupilla of Iris via Cilliary ggl Pons 7 Sup Saliv (Sumband & Subment via Otic ggl) Scatt cells @dorslat asp of Retic Form MO 9 Inf Saliv (Otic ggl, lsr petrosal to Parotid gl), scatt cells of Retic Form 10 Dorsal Nu of Vagus (sm m of heart, lungs eos, stom), scatt cells of Nu Ambiguus (swallowing) |
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1.7 Viscero -motor & -sensory Nuclei of Cranial Nerves
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Viscerosensory
MO 7,9,10 (Nucleus of Solitary Tract), taste Special Sensory Vestib Nu Cplx - Sup, Inf, Lat, Med. Aff: Utrilce, Saccule, semicirc canal (proprioception) Cochlear Nu - Dors & Ventral Aff: frm cochlea via cochlear n |
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1.6 and 1.7 Exits of CN from Brain
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Mesen - CN 3-5
3 - Interpeduncular Fossa 4 - dorsal* to Inferior Colliculi 5 - Meckel's Cave, then i SupOrbFiss ii FRotund iii FOvale Pons 5-8 5 - 6 - Ponto Medullary Sulcus (midline) 7 - Ponto Medullary Sulcus (mid) 8 - Ponto Medullary Sulcus (lateralmost) MO 9-12 9 - Lat Paraolivary Sulcus 10 - Paraolivary Sulcus 11 - Paraolivary Sulcus (cranial root) 12 *Med side of Olives |
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1.8 Cerebellum
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Level of Occipital lobe of Telencephalon at angle btw occipital lobe and brainstem
1. Maintain Posture and Balance 2. Maintain Muscle Tone 3. Coordinate Voluntary Motor Activity from Basilar A 1. Sup Cerebellar A : pons, c. cortex, nu, Su & Mid Ped. 2. Ant Inf Cerebellar A: ant of Inf Cer, 7 & 8 Nu 3. Post Inf Cerebellar A: post of Inf Cer, Inf Ped, Nu Amb, 10Motor, Spinal Trig, Solitary, 8Nu |
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1.8 Cerebellum
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Vallecula cerebelli
3 major parts - Vermis (centre) - Lingula cerebelli, Uvula, Nodulus 2 Hemispheres - Vinculum cer., Tonsilla cer, Flocculus 3 lobes Flocculonodular L, Ant L (ant to primary fissure), Post L (post to it) Folia & Fissures |
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1.8 Cerebellum
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Flocculus relations
Facial N (med), Vestibocochlear N (lat), glioma (enlargement) compress CN8 (vestibular probs) Uvula (& tonsilla)- level of MO so enlarge compresses reg. resp for breath |
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1.8 Cerebellum
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Arbor Vitae (WM) with GM Nu from Lat to Med
1. Dentate - in lat. hemispher; plan, init, ctrl vol. movem; Sup. CP (large) 2-3. Interpositus (Emboliform & Globose) - in paravermal zone; mod musc. stretch reflexes of distal m. 4. Fastigial - in vermis; rec input from Vermis; Eff via Inf. CP |
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1.8 Cerebellum
Peduncles |
Sup Cerebellar Peduncle - Mesenc. & Dienceph.
Aff: V. Spino-c. Tr, Eff: C-rubral, -thalmic, -tectal Middle CP - Pons Aff: Pontoc Inf CP - MO. Aff: Dor&Rost Spinocer, Cuneo-, Trigeminal-, Vestibulo-, Olivo-. Eff: C.-vestibular, -olivary, -potine, -reticular, F. to Raphe Nu |
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1.9 Diencephalon
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1. Thalamus
2. Hypothalamus 3. Subthalamus 4. Epithalamus 5. Metathalamus Midline struc, above Mesen. |
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1.9 Diencephalon
Borders of gross structure |
1. Inf surf only part exposed in intact brain
A -> P Optic chiasm & tract; Infundibulum (w/tuber cinereum); Mamillary Bodies 2. Sup hid. by Fornix. Sup wall = roof of 3V + layer of ependymal c. = tela choroidea w/ choroid plexus 3. Lat: Internal Capsule = cxn btw Cerebral Cortex + Brainstem/ SC 4. Med: med surf of Thal (sup), med side of Hypoth (inf); Hypothalmic sulcus btw. Ridge along sup edge of Med surface = stria medullaris thalami (fibers > habenular nu) |
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1.9 Diencephalon
Thalamus 1 |
Ant = Intervent Foramen
Post = Free pole of Pulvinar Dors = Free surface under fornix and LatV Vent = 3V Lat = post limb of internal capsule Bld supply Ant Thalamoperforating a (frm Post Communicating a) Post Choroidal a, Post Thalamoperforating a (frm Post Cerebral a) br to LGB (frm Ant Choroidal a) |
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1.9 Diencephalon
Thalamus 2 |
1. Ant Nu
Emo tone & recent memory 2. Dorsomed Nu Rln of Soma, Visc, Olf & Emo feel & Subj states 3. Internal Nu 4. Dorsal Tier Nu 5. Ventral Tier Nu Part of Basal Nu circuit, involv in Vol move 6. Ventral Post Nu VPM & VPL relay common sens. to consciousness 7. LGB Visual 8. MGB Auditory |
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1.9 Diencephalon
Parts of Hypothalamus |
Mamillary Body
Tuber Cinereum Infundibulum Optic Chiasm |
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1.9 Diencephalon
Connections with Hypothalamus |
Hypothalamohypophyseal Tr - ADH (supraoptic nu) & Oxytocin (paraventricular nu)
Hypophyseal Portal System - n.secret. cells in medial zone, packed as granules transp along median eminence & infundibulum to sinusoids. Sup Hypophyseal a (ICA) > caps > desc. vsls > Ant Adenohyp & div into sinusoids Tuber Cinereum - convex mass of GM btw Mam.Bods and Optic Chiasm. Cont. inf w/Infundibulum. Median Eminence is raised part, together with Infund & Pars Nervosa form Neuorhyp. Mamillary Bodies - central core of GM in capsule of myelinated nerve fibers. Post is the Post Perf Substance |
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1.9 Diencephalon
Hypothalamus |
Borders
Sup - Thal but sep by Hypothalmic Groove Ant - Ant Commis, Lamina Terminalis, Optic Chiasm Post - line conn. Post Commis & Mamillary Body Inf - Optic Chiasm, Infundibulum, Tuber Cinereum, Mamillary Bodies Med - 3V |
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1.9 Diencephalon
Hypothalamus |
Functions
1. Autonomic NS - Ant (+) PNS; Post (+) SNS 2. Temp Ant - reg, maint temp. X = Hypothermia Post - prod, cons heat X = inability to Thermoreg 3. Water Balance - ADH ctrl water secret 4. Food intake/balance VentroMed = Satiety Lat = Hunger 5. Hypothalmic Rel reg (endocrine) Arcuate Nu in tuber cinereum prod Hypothalmic RF for Adenohypophysis; TRH, GRH, GHRH, CRH, PRF, PIF, Somatostatin 6. Emo & Behaviour w/Limbic sys and prefrontal cortex |
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1.9 Diencephalon
Hypothalamus |
a) Preoptic Area
i) Medial Preoptic (GNRH) ii) Lateral Preoptic b) Lateral Zone i) Medial Forebrain Bundle c) Medial Zone i) Supraoptic Region -> Supraoptic (ADH) -> Paraventricular (Oxytocin) ii) Tuberal (Medial Region), -> Ventromedial, Dorsomedial, Arcuate Nu. -> All major activity and inhibitory factors iii) Mamillary Region -> Mamillary Nu connected to Limbic Sys (via Fornix) d) Periventricular Zone |
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1.9 Diencephalon
AFFERENTS of the Hypothalamus |
a) Thalamohypothalmic
b) Corticohypothalmic c) Retinohypothalmic d) Fornix e) Stria Terminalis f) Medial Forebrain Bundle |
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1.9 Diencephalon
EFFERENTS of Hypothalamus |
a) Hypothalamo-hypophyseal (tubero-infundibular)
b) Hypothalamobulbar c) Hypothalamospinal d) Mamillothalmic e) Dorsal Longitudinal Fascicle |
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1.9 Diencephalon
Subthalamus |
Btw Thal & Midbrain, Craniomedially to Hypothal
Part of Basal Ggl (see 1.12) Cranial end of Red Nu & Subst Nigra (mesenc) Subthalmic Nu (of Lys) - cxn of C. Striatum, Extrapyramidal Sys Cranial end of Med, Trigem, Spinal Lemnisci Zona incerta vis in coronal section through Mam.Bodies, sup.lat to them |
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1.9 Diencephalon
Epithalamus (Habenular Nu & Pineal Gl) |
Habenular Nu
med to post surf of Thal; integ for Olf, Visc, Somatic Aff p/ways; Habenular Commisure Aff: Amygdaloid Nu via stria medullaris thalami; hippocampal form via Fornix Eff: Interpedunc Fossa, Tectum, Thal & Retic Form Pineal Gl - no BBB!. Brain Sand Endocrine gl att by pineal stalk to Dienc; has a recess part of 3V; Post. Commisure at inf part of stalk Pinealocytes & Glial C. Secrete Melatonin (inhib Gonadotropin) Aff: frm Suprachiasmatic Nu via Tegmentum. |
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1.9 Diencephalon
Metathalamus |
Composed of 2 structures
LGB - visual p/way MGB - auditory p/way |
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1.11 Gyri and Sulci of the Hemispheres
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Telencephalon.
Corpus Collosum connects the 2 hemispheres Tentorium cerebellis sep them from Cerebellum Main Sulci Central Sulcus of Rolando. Ant is Prim. Motor, Post Prim Sens. Separates Parietal Lobe from Frontal. Only one that indents the Superomed border Lateral Sulcus - div frontal & parietal L from Temporal L Ant Horiz Ramus, Ant Ascend Ramus, Post Ramus Parieto Occipital S. - btw Par & Occ Lobes meets Calcarine S. post to end of Corpus Callosum Calcarine S - med surf, post to CC, arches up and dorsal to reach Occipital Pole. Prim Vis Cortex conc arnd Calcar Avis (hippocampus minor) - post corner of LatV prod by calracine fissure |
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1.11 Gyri and Sulci of Hemispheres
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Frontal Lobe
3 Sulci - Precentral, Sup- & Inf- Frontal 4 Gyri - Precentral, Sup-, Mid-, Inf- Frontal Parietal Lobe 2 Sulci - Postcentral, Intraparietal 3 Gyri - Postcentral, Sup-, Inf- Parietal Lobule Temporal Lobe 2 Sulci - Sup-, Mid- Temporal 3 Gyri - Sup-, Mid-, Inf- Temporal Occipital Lobe - sm area post to Parietooccip S |
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1.11Gyri and Sulci of Hemispheres
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Corpus Callosum - lrgest commiss of brain
Cingulate Gyrus - begins ant end of CC ends at post end of CC Callosal S - sep Cingulate G frm CC Cingulate S - sep Cing G from Sup Frontal G Paracentral Lobule - med asp of brain, surr indent of Central S, cont of Pre- & Post Central G |
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1.11Gyri and Sulci of Hemispheres
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Precuneus - med asp, bordered ant by upturn of Cing G and post by ParOcc S
Cuneus - bord antsup by ParOcc S and inf by Calcarine S Lingual G - med asp btw Collateral & Calcarine S Collateral S - inf hemisph, runs ant to Calcarine S Parahippocampal G - inf asp, ant to lingual g, ends in Uncus (hooklike close to MamBods) Med OccipTemp G - Occ to Temp pole, Med: Collat & Rhinal S, Lat by Occipitotemp S Olfactory S - inf frontal l, olf bulb & tract overlie Gyrus Rectus - med to olf s Orbital G - lat to olf s |
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1.11Gyri and Sulci of Hemispheres
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Broadman Numbers
17,18,19 - Visual, Occipital L 39*,40 - Word Recog (Wernicke's Sens Speech Area) *Read comp 3,1,2 - Primary SS Postcentral G 41,42 - Auditory Proj (Herschel) Mid 1/3 SupTemp Lobe 4 - Primary Motor, Precentral G 44,45 - Primary Motor Speech (Broca), Inf Front G 34 - Prim Olf Cortex, Uncus 43 - Prim Gustatory Cortex, Operculum |
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1.12 Basal Ganglia and Internal Capsule
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Nuclei in
Interconnect Cerbral Cortex, Thalamus, Brainstem Functions motor ctrl, cognition, emo, learning 1. Damage res in disrup of movem and also deficits in cognition, preception & mentation 2. Anat & funct sep into parallel circuits that proc dif type of behav 3. Funct primarily through disinhibition |
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1.12 Basal Ganglia and Internal Capsule
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5 Nu: Caudate Nu, Globus Pallidus, Putamen, Nu Accumbens, Subst Innominata
Organised: 1. Post Basal Nu Caudate Nu, Lentiform Nu (GP, Put) 2. Ventral Basal Nu (inf to ant commiss) i. Ventral Striatum (Nu Acc) ii. Ventral Pallidum (Subst Innom) |
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1.12 Basal Ganglia and Internal Capsule
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Caudate Nu: Head, Body, Tail
Lentiform Nu base of hemisphere, med bord is Int Caps, lat Ext Caps the Claustrum Putamen: Ext more post, ant & caud than GP. Lger Globus Pallidus: GPInternal, GPExternal. sep by vert sheet of WM. Thin lamina of WM sep Put frm GP |
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1.12 Basal Ganglia and Internal Capsule
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Nucleus Accumbens
Ant in hemisphere where Put. is cont with head of Caud Nu. Closely apposed to Septal Nu and Nu of Diagnal band which ext into base of Sept Pellucidum Subst Innominata (incl basal nu of Meynert lost in Alzh.) Int to Ant perf subst, ant to Ant Commiss. Clusters of S&L cells and diffuse bundles of fibers. Notable loss of lg neurons in Alzeihmers |
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1.12 Basal Ganglia and Internal Capsule
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Vasculation
Medial Striate a Lenticulostriate br of M1 (Mid Cerebral a) Ant Choroidal a Sub Nigra part of Mesenc; int. to crus cerebri and immed caudal to subthalmic nu. Pars Reticular & Compacta Subthalmic Nu Dienc, flat. lens shape cell grp vent to SNigra, med to Int Caps |
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1.12 Basal Ganglia and Internal Capsule
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Pallidal Complex - GP & Vent Pallidum (subs innom)
Striatal Cpx - Neostriatum & Vent Striatum (nu accumb) Matrix cont ACh-erase & GABA neurons |
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1.12 Basal Ganglia and Internal Capsule
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Striatal Motor System (extrapyramidal motor sys)
Init and exec of vol movem automatic activ of postural and reflexes infl motor activ via: Thal, motor cortex & Cortico-bulbar, -spinal tr |
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1.12 Basal Ganglia and Internal Capsule
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Components and Connections of Striatal System
1. Striatum Input: Neocortex (Cerbral Cortex), also Thal (centromed nu) & SNigra Outp: GP & Putamen 2. Globus Pallidus Inp: Striatum, Subthalmic Nu Outp: Subthalm Nu; VA, VL, Centromed Thalm; Pedunclepontine Nu 3. Subthalmic Nu Inp: GP, Motor Cortex Outp: GP 4. Thalamus Inp: GP (VA, VL, CM nu), SNigra (VA, VL, Mediodorsal Nu) Outp: Motor Cortex (frm VL, CM); Premotor C (VA,VL); Striatum (CM) 5. Substantia Nigra In: Striatum Out: Stroatum, Thal (VA, VL, MD) 6. Pedunculopontine Nu In: GP (GABA) Out: GP, SNigra |
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1.12 Basal Ganglia and Internal Capsule
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1. Glut cont nuerons
Cerbral Cortex to Striatum, Corticostriatal F Subthalm Nu > GP Excite GABA & chol neurons 2. GABA cont neurons Striatum, GP, SNigra (pars reticularis) Striatopalidal, Striatonigral, Pallidothalmic, Nigrothalmic, Degen in Huntington's 3. DOPA neurons pars compacta SNigra, Nigrastriatal proj Degen in Parkinson's |
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1.12 Basal Ganglia and Internal Capsule
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Internal Capsule
Projection Fibers org into compact bundle Axonal f that run btw CC & pyramid of Medulla Contin. lat & sup with Corona Radiata Contin. med & caud. as Crus Cerebri Vasc Ant - Antmed Central a (A1) [ant cerebral a] Genu + Post - Antlat Central a (M1)[mid cerebral a], Ant Choroidal a [ICA] |
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1.12 Basal Ganglia and Internal Capsule
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General batting order frm Ant to Post is Eyes, Face, Mouth, Neck, Upr Limb (Dist-Prox), Abd, Lwr Limb (Prox-Dist), Waste removal
Anterior Limb Ant Thalamic Radiations (Thalamocortical, Corticothalamic F) Frontopontine F Genu Corticonuclear (to brainstem) Post Limb -Corticospinal, Thalamoparietal*, Central Thalamic Radiations* Sublentiform part -Optic Radiation, Acoustic Radiation Retrolentiform part - Post Thalmic Rad* *Corona Radiata |
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1.13 Commissural and Association Fibers
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Aff of the Cortex
Thalmic Input 1. Spec. Nu for spec sens sys. Term layer 4 (Int Gran). LGN, MGN, VPL, VPM 2. Non-spec arb thru all of cortex Others 1. Nu of Basal Forebrain (Nu of Diagnol band & Meynart) 2. Monoameinergic (Loc. Cer [NEpi], Raphe Nu [5HT], SNigra [DOPA]) |
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1.13 Commissural and Association Fibers
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Cortico-Cortico Inputs
Projection - Vertical Commissural - Transv (diff hemisph (Association - Sagittal NEVER leave hemisph) Commissures 1. Corpus Collusum covered with thin GM - Induceum Griseum Ant>Post: Rostrum > Genu > Body > Splenium Proj: Forceps Minor (Ant FrL), F. Major (Post OccL), Tapetum (form roof/lat wall of post horn + lat wall of inf horn of LatV) 2. Ant Commiss WM nerve f that cross @ Lamina Terminalis Cxn two TempL, Amygdala, Ant Perf Subs & Olf Tr |
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1.13 Commissural and Association Fibers
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3. Post Commiss
cross above 3V opening F. frm Pretectal Nu (pupilary light reflex) to CN3 Nu 4. Hippocampal Comm Lat part of Fornix (Comm of Fornix). See Limbic Sys for details 5. Habenular Comm Cxn Habenular Nu Sup part of root of Pineal Stalk Part of Trigonum Habenulae |
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1.13 Commissural and Association Fibers
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1. Short/Arcuate
Immed below GM of cortex and cnt adjacent Gyri 2. Uncinate Fasciculus Front > Temp, pass acr bottom of lateral sulcus 3. Cingulum Cing G > Entorhinal Cortex, commun w/in limbic sys 4. Sup Long F. Fro > Occ, intercxn of Fro,Occ,Par,Temp Lobes 5. Inf Long F Occ > Temp, lat walls of Inf & Post Cornua of LatV 6. Perpendicular F Inf Par > Fusiform G, runs lat bord of CaudNu, med aspect of Corona Radiata 7. Occipitofrontal F Occ > Fro 8. Fornix Hippocampus > Mammillary Bodies |
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1.3 Fourth Ventricle
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Ventricle of Metencephalon
Tent shape filled w/CSF Ant to Cerebellum Post to Pons and sup half of MO Lined w/ Ependyma Lat boundaries: Rost: Sup Cer Ped Caud: Inf Cer Ped Roof/Post Wall - Tent shape proj into Cerebellum Sup Part: med bord of 2 SCP & conn WM sheet, Sup Medullary Vellum Inf Part: Inf Medu. Vellum w/Ventricular Ependyma & Pia (lack nerv tiss) Floor - Rhomboid Fossa Sup half: Median Sulcus, Med Eminence, Sulcus Limitans, Vestibular Area & Nu, Facial Colliculus, Subst Ferruginea, Stria Medullares Inf: Hypoglossal & Vagal Triangle, Area Postrema |
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1.3 Fourth Ventricle
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Choroid Plexus of 4V
T shaped, double layer Susp from INF half, formed by tela choroidea (2 layered fold of Pia Mater covered w/Ependyma) Bld supply - PICA Cerebral Aqueduct cont w/3V, narrow, 1.8cm long, lined w/ependyma & surr by central grey (GM) Med Appert Magendie & Lat Luschka (2) cxn Subarachnoid Space Ends in Terminal Ventricle |
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1.10 Third Ventricle
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All structures of the 3V belong to the Telencephalon but the ventricle belongs to the Diencephalon!!
Walls Ant: Lamina Terminalis (of Fornix), rostral to this Ant Commis; 3 together Triangular Recess in turn bord ant/covered by Lamina Rostralis Lat: Med surf of Thal, Hypothalmic Sulcus, Hypothal (below), Stria Medullaris of Thal, Interthalmic Adh Inf: Hypothl is "floor", Optic recess (by Optic Chiasm), Infundibulum (of Hypophysis), Med Emin, Mam.Bods Post: Stalk of Pineal Gl, Post Comis Roof: Tela Chorodea of 3V |
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1.10 Third Ventricle
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Roof: Tela Choroidea of 3V
from Interven. For. the Tenia Choroidea cont as Tenia Thalami, act as attach for Tela Chor. Single later of Ependymal Cells + Bld vsls + pia mater =Choroid Plexus at roof of 3V (smer than LatV) Tenia thalami att to stria medullaris (thin myelin streak), cont post > Habenular Comis Level of IV For. ChorPl of 3+LatV meet as a T |
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1.10 Third Ventricle
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Protrusions:
Triangular Recess Supraoptic Recess Infudibular Recess (stalk of pituitary) Pineal Recess Suprapineal Recess Struct in Floor of 3v: Optic Chiasm Infudibulum Tuber Cinereum Mamillary Bodies Subthalamus |
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1.14 The Lateral Ventricle
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Has Ant Horn, Body, Post Horn & Inf Horn
Ant Horn - NO choroid plexus Roof: CC Ant Wall: Limited by the genu of CC Lat Wall & Flr: Head of Caudate Nu Med: Septum Pellucidum Ant Col of Fornix |
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1.14 The Lateral Ventricle
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Body
Roof: Rad of CC Fl (lat>med): CaudNu, Stria Terminalis (elev by thalamostriatal v), Thal cov. by Lamina Affixa, Choroid Plexus, Lat edge of Fornix, Septum Pellucidum |
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1.14 The Lateral Ventricle
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Posterior Horn -
Post Lobe, no Choroid Pl Roof: CC Lat Wall: Tapetum of CC (Optic Rad. lat to it) Med Wall: Calcar Avis (prod by Calcarine S) (sup swell c/by Forceps Major) |
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1.14 The Lateral Ventricle
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Inferior Horn
Temporal Lobe Roof: Radiation of CC, Tail of CaudNu, Str Terminalis Lat: Tapetum of CC Flr: Collateral Eminence, med of Flr [Hippoc, Pes Hippocampi] = cov by thinWM the Alveus which conv as Fimbria Hipp, & Choroid Plexus |
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1.14 The Lateral Ventricle
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Atrium of LatV
Jxn of Body & Post & Inf Horns. Glomus: lg grp clump of Choroid Plexus found here, may be calcified Collateral Trigone Trans. btw Central part, Post & Inf Horn. Cont as Coll. Eminence of Inf Horn Choroid Plexus of LatV Prj into V on Med asp, vasc fringe of PiaMater cov/by Ependymal lin. of Vent Cavity. The irreg edge of Tela Choroidea In InfH the att of fornix to the hippoc is along the Tenia Fimbria. Above this is the Tenia Terminalis (run along StriaTerm). ChorPl is att to TT |
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Limbic System
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Feeling, Fight, Flight, Mating
Expr itself via Hypthalamus via Autonomic NS Inv Telenc, Dienc & Mesenc 1. Orbitofrontal Cortex Consc percep of Smell. Recip rltn w/#2 2. Mediodorsal Nu of Thal Recip rltn w/#2 & #8; Inp AmgydaloidNu; behav & mem 3. Ant Nu of Thal inp from MamNu via Mamillothalm tr; proj to Cing Gy 4. Septal Area (Telenc) liew btw SeptPelluc & Ant Commis; proj via StrMed to HabenularNu |
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Limbic System
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5. Limbic Lobe
incl Subcallosal area, Paraterminal G, Cingulate G & Parahippocampal G (inlc Uncus); Contains Hippocampal Form & Amgydaloid Nu cplx 6. Hippocampal Formation learn, mem & recog of novelty Maj input via Entorhinal Cortex;Maj proj via Fornix Telenc, med Temp Lobe, Parahippocampal G; lies btw Choroidal & Hippocapmal Fissures 7. Amygdaloid Cplx feed & nutrit activ; Basal Ggl underlying Uncus rage & aggres behav 8. Hypothalamus prj to BrainStem & SC 9. Limbic Midbrain Nu > Vent Tegmental Area: DOPA asc All Limbic > Raphe Nu: 5HT asc to All Limbic > Locus Cereleus: NorE asc to All Limbic |
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Hippocampal Formation
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1. Dentate Gyrus
technically not part pf Hippoc, rather Hippoc Formation 2. Hippocampus sea horse shape 3. Subiculum Inp via Hippocampal Pyramidal cells Prj to the Mam Nu Short term memory One of first areas dam in Parkinsons Only 3 layers - Allocortex Pyram Layer which leaves as Fimbria of HC > Fornix |
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Major Limbic Fiber Systems
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1. Fornix
HippoForm > Mam Bodies (Hypothal), AntNu of Thal, Septal Area 2. Stria Terminalis btw Thal & CaudNu; prj frm Amyg > Hypothal & Septal Area 3. Ventral Mygdalofugal P/way prj Amyg > Hpyoth, Thal, BSt, SC 4. Stria Medullaris thalami prj Septal Area > Habenular Nu 5. Diagonal Band of Broca med bord of Ant Perf Subst; intcxn AmygdNu & Septal Area 6. Tractus Retroflexus Habenular Nu (Epithal, Dienc) > Interpeduncular Nu (Mesen) habenulointerpeduncular tr) |
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Major Limbic Fiber Systems
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Papez Circuit
Intcxn maj Limbic Struct 1. Hippoc Form prj via Fornix > MamBods 2. Mamillary Bodies prj via Mamillothalmic Tr > Ant Nu of Thal 3. Ant Nu of Thalamus prj to Cingulate G 4. Cingulate Gyrus prj via Entorhinal C > HippocForm |
