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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Limbic Organ for emotion and drives
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Amygdala
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limbic organ for memory
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Hippocampus
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Limbic organ for homeostasis
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hypothalamus
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area of the brain considered "archicortex"
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Hippocampus
only three layers |
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area of the brain considered paleocortex
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Olfactory area
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location of the majority of cholinergic neurons that provide innervation to cerebral cortex
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Nucleus Basalis of Meynert in the basal forebrain
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Area of Basal Ganglia which processed limbic information
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Ventral Striatum and Nucleus Accumbens
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function of medial septal nucleus in modulation of memory
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cholinergic transmission to hippocampus (which projects to lateral septral nuclei, then to medial, completing circuit)
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Impaired olfaction in Alzheimers due to atrophy of?
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Anterior Olfactory Nucleus
site of crossing of contralaterals |
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What transmits information to the Primary Olfactory Nucleus?
What composes this nucleus and where is it located |
The lateral olfactory stria (mitral/tufted cells within)
to the piriform and periamygdaloid cortices just anterior to the amygdala in the anteromedian tip of the temporal lobe |
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Principle cells of the subiculum/hippocampus
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pyramidal cells
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Principle cells of the dentate nucleus of hippo
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Granule Cells, project to CA3 area then to fornix
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Major input and output pathway between hippocampus and association areas (frontal, parieto-occipital, temporal)
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Entorhinal Cortex (through parahippocampal cortex and perihinal cortex)
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Major input / output pathway between the Hippocampus and the Cortical Areas / septal nuclei
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Fornix (using alvear and perforant pathways)
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Hebb Rule
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Long-term potentiation via changes in synpase between two axons can facilitate memory via plasticity
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Where is the storage of memories thought to occur
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Association and primary cortical areas
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#1 destination of fibers from hippocampus through fornix
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medial and lateral mammilary nuclei of hypothalamus
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unilateral lesions of the dominant temporal/diencephalic structures can cause a deficit in ____ memory
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Verbal
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unilateral lesions of the nondominant temporal/diencephalic structures can cause a deficit in ____ memory
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visual-spatial
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Cellular mechanisms of memory @ seconds to minutes
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changes in ions and secondary messengers
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cellular mechanisms of memory @ minutes to hours
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protein phosphorylations/changes
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Cellular mechanisms of memory @ hours to years
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Gene transcription and translation
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Anatomical Structures involved in first second of memory?
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Brainstem/Diencephalic activating systems, frontoparietal association areas
~Attention and Awareness |
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Anat structures in first seconds to minutes "working memory"
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Frontal Association cortex
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Anatomical structures for minutes to years "Consolidation" memory
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Medial Temporal/Diencephalic structures
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Anatomical Structures for years of memory
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unimodal/heteromodal cortices
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Which memories are lost first in retrograde amnesia
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most recent (oldest are not kept in medial temporal/diencephalic regions, therefore kept)
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Site of infarction likely to cause memory loss
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Top of Basilar Artery
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Artery Of Percheron
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single paramedial thalamoperforator artery, occlusion causing bilateral effects and memory loss
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difference in memory effects between contusion and concussion
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concussion is commonly reversible
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Why does Global Cerebral Hypoxia cause memory loss
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CA1 region of hippocampus highly vulnerable to hypoxia
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Cause of memory defects in Wernicke-Korsakoff?
other symptoms? |
bilateral necrosis of mammillary bodies
lack of awareness to memory loss frontal lobe dysfunction (confabulation) Ataxia Eye effects (nystagmus) Confusional state |
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treatment of refractory depression which causes memory loss
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ECT
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period of 4-12hours of amnesia following physical or emotional stress without recurrence or other symptoms
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Transient Global Amnesia
no stereotypical recurrence no other symptoms normal EEG rhythm migraine history common decreased blood flow or glucose common |
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differential suggesting psychogenic amnesia
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memory loss is selective to events of emotional significance
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Area of amygdala involved in olfaction and appetite
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corticomedial
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Area of amygdala involved in autonomic control
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Central nucleus
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Hyperorality
Hypersexuality Disinhibited Behavior |
Kluver-Bucy
bilateral lesions of the Amygdala placid behavior (p845) |
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Increased activity in what region of amygdala during orgasm
lesions of this area? |
medial
sham rage |
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"long way around" from amygdala to other brain structures
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stria terminalis (runs along wall of lateral ventricle)
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"shortcut" from amygdala outward
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Ventral amygdalofugal
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Partial Seizure
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abnormal activity in a region of the brain
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General Seizure
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abnormal activity throughout the entire brain
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Simple Partial
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Consciousness spared
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unilateral appearance of geometric shapes and flashes
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seizure in contralateral primary visual cortex
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appearance of elaborate hallucinations
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Visual Association Cortex seizure
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roaring engine or horn
hearing as if underwater |
seizure of auditory cortex, sound appears on opposite side
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musical hallucinations
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nondominant hemisphere seizures
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brief, simple partial seizures of any type experienced by a patient with no outward behavioral manifestations
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Aura
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deja vu aura
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seizure of medial temporal limbic structures (esp right side)
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odor and panic aura
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amygdala, not hippocampus
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fencing posture
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frontal motor assoc seizure
extension of contralateral arm |
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Todd's Paresis
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Focal weakness following prolonged seizure
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aura of extreme anxiety or fear
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Medial temporal limbic seizure
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Complex Partial Seizure
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impairment of consciousness
less focal, more widespread effect |
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automatisms
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ipsilateral repetative behaviors during complex
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ipsilateral automatisms
contralateral dystonia |
temporal lobe seizure (usually complex)
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typical duration for complex partial seizure? common post-ictal effect?
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30 seconds to 1-2 minutes
headache |
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brief episodes of staring and unresponsiveness lasting or about 10 seconds
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Petit Mal Seizures
Absence Seizures |
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characterized by a 3-4 hz spike and wave discharge on EEG
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Petit Mal / Absence Seizures
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multiple daily seizures (in child)
no aura no post ictal deficits last 10s or less 3-4hz spike & dome |
Absence Seizure
commonly caused by strobe lights, hyperventilation, sleep deprivation |
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MCC infantile/childhood seizures (3)
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#1 Febrile
Congenital Perinatal injury |
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MCC 60+ yo seizures (3)
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#1 CVD
Tumors Neurodegenerative disorders |
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marked neuronal loss and gliosis on the CA1 hippocampal area leading to complex partial seizures and memory loss following febrile seizures
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Mesial Temporal Sclerosis
medically refractory |
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Nocturnal Seizures in children 3-13 years old
EEG shows centrotemporal spikes |
Rolandic Epilepsy
autosomal dominant |
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1st line treatment of Absence Seizures
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Ethosuximide
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Major blood supply to medial temporal area
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PCA
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Site of injection in Wada Test for epilepsy surgergy, what is injected
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Common Carotid (to ACA/MCA), Sodium Amytal
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Purpose of Callosotomy in seizures
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Does not cure seizures
prevents generalized and the falls/injuries it would cause |
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catatonia
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decreased spontaneous activity
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core abnormality in schizophrenia
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excress dopamine
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neurotransmitter abnormal in OCD
brain region with increased activity? |
Serotonin (increased)
basal ganglia |
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neurotransmitter abnormality in Anxiety
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Increased NE/Serotonin
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neurotransmitter defect in Depression
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decreased NE/Serotonin
increased cortisol decreased frontal lobe activity |
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Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome findings
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Acute ataxia, confused, eye movement disorders
Confabulation Frontal Lobe Dysfunction Bilateral Mammary body necrosis Lack of awareness of deficit |
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Transient Global Ischemia findings
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retrograde and anterograde amnesia with no other findings
same questions over and over with no recollection of having asked them a few minutes earlier lasts 4-12 hours, 85% no recurrent episdoes |
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Attaches emotional significance to various stimuli percieved by the association cortices
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Amygdala
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Function of corticomedial nucleus of Amygdala
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Associated with olfaction and appetite
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Function of central nucleus of amygdala
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autonomic control
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Psychogenic Amnesia
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memory loss for events on particular emotional significance
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Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
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bilateral amygdala loss
Tame, nonaggressive behavior with other findings (slut) |
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Sham rage
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loss of septal area of amygdala which normally is involved in pleasureable states
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fornix of amygdala
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stria terminalis
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Primary Visual Cortex partial seizure
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simple geometric shapes and flashes of light
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partial seizure @ visual association area
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elaborate hallucinations
peoples faces, complex scenes |
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partial seizure @ Auditory cortex
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roaring engine horn in opposite direction
hearing as if under water |
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seizure in auditory association cortex
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hear voices, music
more common in nondominant |
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aura of rising visceral sensation in epigrastric area, deja vu, strange/unpleasant odors, extreme fear/anxiety
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medial temporal limbic system
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odor and panic auras
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amygdala rather than hippocampus
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