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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What's a dendrite?
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Many branches that recieve info via neurotransmitters and transmit it TO the cell body
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What do axons do?
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transmit actions potentials, proteins, neurotransmitters, empty vesicles, and other substances from cell body to the presynapse. Conduct impulses AWAY from cell body
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What are three types of neurons?
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Bipolar neurons: 1 dendrite, 1 axon <in the retina>
Unipolar: single axon no dendrites <most sensory neurons> Multipolar neurons: several dendrites and a single axon. (most meurons of the CNS are muscle neurons) |
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Which ions is the membrane most permeable to?
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K+ and Cl-, moreso K+ because of protein anions
Na+ is too big and the channels are few |
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Which ions are more concentrated in the ECF?
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Na+ and Cl-
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Whats the exchange for the Na/K pump?
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3Na out for 2K in to the cell.
This is against concentration gradient |
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What is Depolarization?
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the membrane potential becomes less negative than the resting potential
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What is hyperpolarization?
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the membrane potential becomes more negative than the resting potential
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What's a local potential?
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stimulus causing depolarization or hyperpolarization confined to a small region of the cell.
Large enough action potential causes and action potential |
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What is temporal summation?
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Stimuli that occur multiple times within milliseconds are added together
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What is spatial summation?
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stimuli that occur in different locations are added together
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What is the threshold at which a local potential reaches an action potential?
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-55mV
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What are the Neuroglia of the CNS?
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Astrocytes(star shape)
Oligodendrocytes(produce myelin) Microglial Cells(macrophage) |
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What are the Neuroglia of the PNS
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Schwann Cells(produce myelin and is phagocytic)
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What does the speed of conduction depend on?
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Myelination and axon diameter (increase diameter increases conduction)
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What are some symptoms of autoimmune disease such as MS and optical Nueritis?
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Weakness
lack of coordinaiton Decreased Vision Double Vision Impaired sensation Bladder and bowel dysfunction Depression |
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What are some ocular signs of MS?
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Afferent pupillary defect
Decreased Visual Acuity Visual Field Deficit Decreased Contrast Sensitivity Optic Neuritis(2/3 retrobulbar) |
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What are the 2 types of synapses between neurons?
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Electrical and Chemical
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WHat's a neuromodulator?
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Influences the likelihood that an action potential will occur in the postsynaptic cell
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In an axo-axonic synapse, what is presynaptic inhibition and facilitation?
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presynaptic inhibition: decreases neurotransmitter release from presynaptic membrane
Presynaptic facilitation: increases neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic membrane |
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True of False: Neurotransmitters can have different effects depending on which receptor they bind to.
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true, true
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Tell me about the amino acid neurotransmitter/neuromodulator, Glutamate
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Excitatory
Elicits neuroplasticity in learning and development contributes to cell death after injury Over activity causes seizures PCP/Angel dust blocks receptors |
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Tell me about the amino acid neurotransmitter/neuromodulator,GABA
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major inhibitory neurotransmitter in CNS
Prevents excess neural activity Low levels cause seizures Alcohol inhibits GABA release |
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Tell me about the amino acid neurotransmitter/neuromodulator,Glycine
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Inhibitory
Low levels lead to seizures Strychnine inhibits glycine receptors |
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Tell me about the cholinergic neurotransmitter/neuromodulator, ACh
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Nueromuscular junction of SkM
2 receptors, nicotinic (brief opening, excititory) and muscarinic (slow-acting, inhibitory or excititory) Botulinum toxin blocks release causing paralysis Myasthenia gravis caused by ACh destruction |
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Tell me about the monoamine neurotransmitter/neuromodulator, Dopamine
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Excitatory or inhibitory
effects: motor activity, cognition, motivation Parkinsons dis cresults from destruction of dopamine secreting neurons |
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Tell me about the monoamine neurotransmitter/neuromodulator, norepinephrine
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increases attention to sensory info
sympathetic transmitter a1,a1,b1,b2 receptors excitatory/inhibitory panic/PTS= excessive NE Amphetamines increase release and block reuptake |
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Tell me about the monoamine neurotransmitter/neuromodulator, serotonin
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arousal, mood, suppressing sensory information
generally inhibitory lows levels associated with depression high levels found in schizo Prozac, zoloft, and paxil block reuptake |
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Tell me about the peptide neurotransmitter, Endorphins
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Pain perception
inhibitory morphine/heroin reduce pain by inhibiting neurons |
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What is cogan's sign?
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sometimes call cogan's lid twitch. Patients with Myasthenia Gravis eyes are directed downward for 10 to 20 seconds and the patient is
then instructed to make a vertical saccade back to primary position, the upper eyelid elevates and either slowly begins to droop or else twitches several times before settling into a stable position |
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What are 4 treatments for myasthenia gravis?
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Anticholinesterase meds
Removal of the thymus Immunosupressive drugs Plasmapheresis |
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What is neuroplasticity?
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The lifelong ability of a nerve to compensate for injury and adjust its activity in response to the environment.
Most dramatic in the first 2 years of life |
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What is the name of a regenerated axon that projects to a different target?
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Aberrant regeneration
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What part of the embryo does the nervous system develop from?
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The ectoderm
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The brain and the spinal cord develop entirely from what embryotic structure?
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The neural tube
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How long does the embryo stage last and what happens during that stage?
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Week 2-week 8
Formation of organs and nervous system |
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What 3 germ layers exists in the embryotic disc?
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Ectoderm
Mesoderm Endoderm |
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Describe how the neural tube is made?
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The ectoderm thickens into the neural plate. An indentation occurs forming the neural groove. This grows and come together to form the neural crest. this fuses to make the neural tube
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There are 2 parts of the ectoderm, neural and surface what do they eventually turn into?
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Neural ectoderm:
Nervous system Parts of the eye, retina surface ectoderm: Surface ectoderm Sense organs, lens Skin |
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What does the mesoderm eventually form?
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Muscle
Connective tissue |
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What does the endoderm eventually form?
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Respiratory system
Digestive system |
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What is differentiation in embryotic development?
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less specialized cells become more specialized
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The brain begins to form around day 28, what parts of the brain form?
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Forebrain = prosencephalon
Midbrain = mesencephalon Hindbrain = rhombencephalon |
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The optic cups forms from envaginations in the diencephalon, what do the optic cups become?
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The optic nerve and retina
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When is the embryo most susceptible to congenital defects?
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14 days-20 weeks
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What is anencephaly?
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Cranial end of tube does not develop into cerebrum and cerebellum
Skull and brain partially or totally absent Most fetuses die in utero or shortly after birth |
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What is spina bifida?
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Caudal end of tube does not close
Bony defect at lower spine Vertebrae do not develop to enclose spinal cord Defect may cause protrusion of just meninges or may include neural tissue |
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Who's your daddy?
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Eric Johansen
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Which nerves do not synapse in the sympathetic chain?
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The splanchnic nerve: passes through chain ganglia but synapse in abdomen. supply liver, pranceas, GI etc.
Adrenal Medulla: preganglionic fibers. release NE and EP, 80%EP, 20%NE |
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What is mueller's muscle?
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muscle in upper and lower lid. Sympathetic innervation.
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Most symp nerve supply in head and neck comes from what ganglion?
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superior cervical ganglion(SCG) innervates:
face muscles,sweatglands, bloodvessels. Salivary glands(thick mucus) Dilator muscle of the iris Mueller's muscle blood supply to lacrimal gland CN-III, V, VII |
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What is the most common sympathetic disfunction?
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Horner's syndrome
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What are the signs of horners syndrome?
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Ipsilateral Ptotis
Miosis Anhidrosis(lack of sweating) |
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What are some causes of preganglionic horners syndrome?
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cerebral vascular accident
MS Pituitary tumor Pancoast's tumor Mediastinal Mass Neck trauma Coronary bypass surgery Thyroidectomy |
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What are some causes of postganglionic horners syndrome?
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Head or neck trauma
Migraine Vascular Cluster headache Herpes zoster |
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parasympathetic nerves preganglionic fibers originate in which cranial nerve nuclei?
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CNIII, VII, IX, X
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Where does the pterygopalatine ganglion supply?
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(PS) supply lacrimal and nasal glands
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Where does the submandibular ganglion supply?
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(PS) salivary glands (thin watery saliva)
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Where does the Otic ganglion supply?
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(PS) Parotid gland
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Where does the mural or intramural ganglia supply?
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(PS) heart, lungs, GI tract
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What is the vasovagal response?
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lack of blood to the brain caused by powerful emotions stimulating the vagus nerve. Patient my faint(syncope).
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Where are nicotinic reseptors located? What binds to them?
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Located on all postganglionic cell bodies of the ANS and on SkM cells. Excitatory when binded to ACh.
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Where are muscarinic receptors located? What binds to them?
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Located on the membrane of the receptor organ in parasympathetic system.
Response to ACh, inhibitory or excitatory |
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What are some meds that can be used to dialate the pupil?
(hint: a sympathetic agonist and a parasymp antagonist) |
Phenylephrine: stimluates alpha adrenergic receptors(dialates)
Tropicamide: blocks cholinergic stimulation in iris sphincter muscle Tropicamide: |
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This flashcards have been helpful, what should i do about that?
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Buy Eric a soda
or Name my next child after him. |
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Most systems are innervated by symp and parasymp, what are exceptions?
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sweat glands and blood vessels are almost exclusively sympathetic.
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