Neuro Week 1 (Neurosience)

Front 1

THree main types of Sensory axons.

Back 1

A beta
A delta
C

Front 2

A beta

Back 2

(mylenated, cutaneous tactile)

Front 3

A delta

Back 3

(mylenated, non-painful modalities)

Front 4

C

Back 4

unmylenated, pain receptive (nociceptive)

Front 5

Sensory transduction

Back 5

Converting energy into electrical signals useful by the nervous system (oscilate from analog to digital)

Front 6

Analog and Digital

Back 6

Analog (continuous representation of the signal)
Digital (numeric representaiton of the signal (discontinuous))

Front 7

Pros and Cons of ANalog

Back 7

Degrades with distance, but is much easier to manipulate

Front 8

What atteches to the ionophore channel to generate a receptor potential?

Back 8

Ankyrin attaches. When pressure is added to the skin, it tugs on this and mechanically opens the channel

Front 9

REceptor potential

Back 9

THey are generated at "insensitive parts of the axon (where an AP cannot be made)

Front 10

What happens when there is a larger receptor potential?

Back 10

Threshold meets membrane potential earlier

Front 11

Receptor potential fact:

Back 11

The larger the receptor potential leads to an increase in FREQUENCY of AP

Front 12

Analog to digital conversion

Back 12

Intensity of stim->amplitude of RP
Amp. of RP -> Frequency of AP
Frequency of AP -> Amp. of post synaptic potential

Front 13

Purpose of Lateral Inhibition?

Back 13

To intensify the boundary conditions within the CNS

Front 14

Interneurons provide what type of feedback?

Back 14

Negative Feedback

Front 15

3 types of Somatosensory receptors?

Back 15

MEchanical REceptors
THermal REceptors
Nociceptors

Front 16

Line Labeling Coding:

Back 16

Information remains segregated at all levels of the CNS (like with temp)

Front 17

THe 3 sensory pathways

Back 17

All within CNS
-Epicritic (fine discrimination)
-Protopathic
-Visceral Pain

Front 18

Epicritic Pathway is also known as_____

Back 18

THe Dorsal Column System

Front 19

Epicritic pathway senses?

Back 19

-Fine Tactile
-2 pt. discriminition
-Proprioception
-Vibration

Front 20

What can you use to test the epicritic pathway?

Back 20

-2 pt. test
-Proprioception at DISTAL joints
-Vibration with a 128 Hz tuning fork

Front 21

Two types of primary afferent axons that convey pain:

Back 21

A delta fibers
C fibers

Front 22

A delta fibers

Back 22

Fast Pain
Sharp pain, short acting
Thinly mylenated

Front 23

C fibers

Back 23

Slow Pain
Burning Pain
Unmylenated

Front 24

THe pathway in which both the slow and fast pain fibers come together to produce "pure pain"?

Back 24

ALS The Anterior Lateral System

Front 25

ANterior Spinal Artery takes care of what portion in the spinal cord?

Back 25

The VENTRAL HORN (grey matter in the spinal cord)

Front 26

The Dorsal Spinal artery takes care of what area of the spinal cord?

Back 26

The DORSAL HORN and the DORSAL COLUMN

Front 27

In the medulla, the posterior spinal artery supplies what?

Back 27

Fasciculatis Gracillis, Fasc. Cutaneous, and the Nuclues and Spinal Tract of 5

Front 28

In the medulla, the anterior spinal artery supplies what?

Back 28

The Medial Meniscus

Front 29

In the post central gyrus, the Anterior Cerebral Artery supplies the somatotopic portions that control what?

Back 29

The genitals, Toes, Foot, and Leg

Front 30

In the post central gyrus, the Middle Cerebral Artery supplies the somatotopic portions that control what?

Back 30

Everything Else!

Front 31

Spinal REgulation Gate Control Hypothesis

Back 31

Activated A Beta fibers act to inhibit local C Fiber pathways, reducing the ascending pain projection

Front 32

Descending Pain Modulation pathway

Back 32

Portions of the spine release inhibitory (to pain) secretions

Front 33

Midbrain
-PAG
-Locus Ceruleus

Back 33

PAG=Enkephalon

Locus Ceruleus = Norepinephrine

Front 34

Medulla
-Nucleus Raphe Magnus
-Nuclues Reticularis Paragigantocellularis

Back 34

NRM=Serotonin

NRP=Norepinephrine

Front 35

Peripheral Sensitization

Back 35

Axons stimulate local surrounding axons to increase the area of inflamation (axon reflex)

Front 36

Central Sensitization

Back 36

Certain pathways are blocked by Mg, but with a STRONG stimulus, the Mg is "pushed aside" and then Ca can flow through

Front 37

Axon Sprouting

Back 37

Due to budding (after an injury usually) non-noxious fibers are placed in contact with noxious ones. PHANTOM LIMB

Front 38

"Stocking Glove"

Back 38

Numb Hands and Feet (Long nerves).
-Peripheral Neuropathy
C: Diabetes, Toxins, Idiopathic

Front 39

Hemihypoesthesia

Back 39

-Always CNS lesion
-Lesion MUST be Raustral to trigem nuclie (involves face)
-C: Stroke or neoplasm

Front 40

Crossed Hypoesthesia

Back 40

-Involves half of face and contralateral body
-Always Brainstem lesion!!!

Front 41

Harlequin

Back 41

-Always signifies hemisection of the spinal cord
-Called "brown-sequard" syndrome

Front 42

Harlequin symptoms

Back 42

C: Metastatic Tumors, MS, Stab wounds or similiar trauma
-Epicritic lost one one side and protopathic lost on the opposite. Below waist

Front 43

Syringomyelia

Back 43

-Cape like distribution
-Typically only effects protopathic modality
-Epicritic sensations spared

Front 44

Syringomyelia

Back 44

CAused by development of a syrnix (tube or pipe like) expansion in cervical spinal cord