Neuro: Visceral Motor System

Front 1

Contrast the somatic and visceral motor system with regards to:
1. principle actions governed by what area of brain
2. location of lower motorneurons
3. synaptic architecture
4. synaptic function

Back 1

SOMATIC: 1. cortex frontal lobe
2. CNS 3. NMJ 4. Muscle contraction
VISCERAL: 1. subcortical areas 2.PNS 3. diffuse varicosities 4. tissue-specific function

Front 2

Regarding sympathetic system anatomy,
A. preganglionic neurons are located where?
B. postganglionic neurons are located where?

Back 2

For SYMPATHETIC system,
A. pregangs are located in intermediolateral cell column of the thoracolumbar spinal cord (T1-L2/3)
B. postgangs (lower MNs) reside in paravertebral ganglia (= sympathetic chain ganglia) or prevertebral ganglia (= celiac, mesenteric & pelvic plexus ganglia)

Front 3

So the preganglionic neurons in the lateral horn send their axons out to the ventral rootlets and to the spinal nerve (remember which is a mixed nerve) and then quickly leave the spinal nerve via the [ grey / white ] communicating ramus. The axons enter the sympathetic chain ganglia where they may or may not synapse.
A. If they synapse at that level, below or above, but within the sympathetic chain ganglia (paravertebral ganglia), what then happens?
B. Alternatively, where can the axons synapse if not in the sympathetic chain ganglia?

Back 3

white communicating ramus;
A. send post-ganglionic fibers out back through the grey communicating ramus (grey because they are not myelinated). Entering back into the spinal nerve, they’ll travel out to innervate the target organ
B. synapse in a prevertebral ganglion

Front 4

All postganglionic innervation, except for sweat glands, are [ cholinergic / noradrenergic ].

Back 4

noradrenergic

(sweat glands are the exception and are cholinergic)

Front 5

For the sympathetic nervous system's preganglionic neurons located in the upper thoracic spinal cord (C8-T7), where is the location of ganglionic neurons and what are the target organs?

Back 5

Front 6

For the sympathetic nervous system's preganglionic neurons located in lower thoracic spinal cord (T6-T10), where is the location of ganglionic neurons and what are the target organs?

Back 6

Front 7

Looking at the lower thoracic and lumbar portions of the intermediolateral cell columns, we see that their ganglia are out in the celiac and mesenteric ganglions. What is the sympathetic system's influence on the digestive system and adrenal gland?

Back 7

Will work to shut down digestive system – decrease peristalsis, decrease glands that have to do with secretions along the digestive system. But will stimulate adrenal gland – will pump out its secretions throughout the body.

Front 8

Regarding parasympathetic system anatomy,
A. preganglionic neurons are located where?
B. postganglionic neurons are located where?

Back 8

A. pregangs are located in the intermediolateral gray of sacral spinal cord and the brain stem motor nuclei (Edinger-Westphal , inferior and superior salivatory nuclei, dorsal motor nucleus, nucleus ambiguus)
B. postgangs (lower MNs) are in ganglia within or near target tissues. These neurons generally lack dendrites and are cholinergic.

Front 9

For the parasympathetic system, what is the effect on the following target organs, in terms of location of preganglionic neuron, location of ganglionic neuron, and resulting action?
A. eye
B. lacrimal gland
C. submandibular and lingual gland
D. Parotid gland

Back 9

A. Edinger-Westphal nucleus, Ciliary ganglion, Pupillary constriction and accommodation (CN III)
B & C. Superior salivatory nucleus and CN VII for both. pterygopalatine ganglion and secretion of tears for B., submandibular ganglion and secretion of saliva, vasodilation for C.
D. Inferior salivatory nucleus, otic ganglion, secretion of saliva, vasodilation (CN IX)

Front 10

What two preganglionic neuorns does the heart have innervation from?

A. nucleus ambiguus and ventral motor nucleus of the vagus nerve
B. nucleus ambiguus and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve
C. nugleus ambiguus and superior salivatory nucleus

Back 10

B. nucleus ambiguus and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve

Front 11

Regarding parasympathetic innervation, the vagus only reaches partway throught he GI system – up until the _________. So the rest of the digestive system receives their inn. from ______ .

Back 11

transverse large intestine,

S3-S4

Front 12

Which cranial nerves are involved in providing inn. to all the parasympathetic system?

Back 12

CN III, VII, IX, X and sacral nerves

Front 13

Not all tissues receive both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation. Some, like .....DO NOT receive parasympathetic innervation.

Back 13

- Blood vessels and blood supply to hairs and lower extremities
- Sweat glands
- Adrenal gland

only receive sympathetic input

Front 14

True or False:

Enteric neurons express a much wider array of neurotransmitters than expressed in the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

Back 14

True

Front 15

True or False:

The enteric system operates independently and thus much gut function does not require coordination from higher neural centers.

Back 15

True

Front 16

The anatomy of the enteric nervous system includes [ myenteric-auerbach's / submucus- meissner's ] plexus that monitors chemical composition and glandular secretion while [ myenteric-auerbach's / submucus- meissner's ] plexus regulates musculature of gut.

Back 16

submucus- meissner's = chemical comp and glandular secretion
myenteric-auerbach's = musculature of gut

Front 17

GVA pathway leads to which nucleus?

Back 17

Nucleus solitarius. At that level, we can have an initiation of a visceral motor response.

Front 18

In addition to local circuits, we could also have information from the nucleus of the solitary tract ascend to an interconnected bunch of circuits that superimpose extra information to help determine what reaction we have. This is called the ____________.

Back 18

Central Autonomic Network

and is composed of reticular formation, hypothalamus, amygdala, insular cortex (sensory info) and medial prefrontal cortex (motor control)

Front 19

The referred pain is via the

A. anterolateral pathway
B. dorsal column pathway
C. spinothalamic pathway

Back 19

A. anterolateral pathway


Referred pain refers to the fact you can have visceral pain that enters the spinal cord near or among the same neurons as a dorsal sensory horn neuron that is receiving sensory information from a specifc skin area. The information will travel up to the higher brain center and you will feel skin pain.

Ex. Angina pain.

Front 20

How does pain get to consciouness? It travels via

A. anterolateral pathway
B. dorsal column pathway
C. spinothalamic pathway

Back 20

B. dorsal column pathway, midline.

. Synapses in the dorsal column nuclei and then those dorsal column nuclei send their projections up to the thalamus and it is at the thalamus where we get the initial sensation of nociception.

Front 21

What is the sympathetic and parasympathetic system's response to a rise in blood pressure?

Back 21

Sympathetic system activates baroreceptors which reflexively inhibits tonic activity of preganglionic sympathetic efferents. This reduces the stimulatory affect of noradrenergic sympathetic inputs on the SA node.

Simultaneously pre-ganglionic parasympathetic neurons in the Nuc. Ambiguus are activated. This increases cholinergic release on pacemaker cells in the SA node and decreases their discharge rate.

Front 22

Regarding the autonomic regulation of bladder function, [ parasympathetic / sympathetic ] innervation controls bladder musculature and bladder emptying while [ parasympathetic / sympathetic ] activity causes the internal urethral sphincter to close.

Back 22

Parasympathetic ;

sympathetic

Front 23

Regading the somatic control of urination, when bladder is distended, GVA fibers synapse onto SC neurons that project to _____________.

Back 23

mid-brain periaqueductal gray areas (MPG). MPG also receives input from limbic forebrain structures which tell us when it is acceptable to urinate
Integrative signals from MPG activate ‘micturation centers’ in the pontine reticular formation. This center : activates parasympathetic neurons-(bladder contraction) and inhibits both spinal sympathetic (stops bladder relaxation) and somatic motor neuron activity –(relaxing the external sphincter) thereby eliciting urination

Front 24

Horner Syndrome is caused by [ parasympathetic / sympathetic ] damage.

Back 24

sympathetic damage.

Symptoms are: : ptosis, miosis, enophthalmos, and anhidrosis. You also notice the region around the affected eye seems flush. Consider: If the lesion is high, you are affecting the sympathetic output that affects the lower regions of your body (torso, etc.) whereas if its in the sympathetic chain ganglia, the effects are isolated to the head region.

Front 25

What disease does this describe? This is a bilateral cyanosis of the digits caused by malfunction of the sympathetic innervation to vasculature within the skin.
Arteries to fingers and toes go into vasospasm which narrows the vessels dramatically and temporarily limits blood supply.

Back 25

Raynaud's disease