Neuro Usmle Cards

Front 1

lesion of the amygdala (bilateral) produces

Back 1

kluver-Bucy syndrome

hyperorality, hypersexuality, disinhibited behavior

Front 2

frontal lobe lesion produces

Back 2

disinhibition and deficits in concentratoin, orientation and judgement

may have reemergent primitive reflexes

Front 3

Right parietal lobe lesion

Back 3

spatial neglect (agnosia of the contralateral (left) side of the world)

Front 4

reticular activating system (midbrain) lesion produces

Back 4

reduced levels of arousal and wakefulness -- can cause coma

Front 5

lesion of the mamillary bodies bilaterally porduces

Back 5

wernicke-korsakoff syndrome

wernicke: confusion, opthalmoplegia, ataxia

korsakoff = memory loss, confabulation, personality changes

Front 6

basal ganglia lesions

Back 6

tremor at rest, chorea, or athetosis

resting tremor = pill rolling tremor seen in parkinsons

chorea = sudden jerky purposeless movements - dancing in a sense - seen in huntingotons

athetosis = slow writing movements of the fingers (snakelike) -- also seen in huntingtons

Front 7

cerebellum hemisphere lesions

Back 7

intention tremor (characteristic of damage to the cerebellum = zigzag motion when point toward a target)

limb ataxia - dysmetria

dysdiadichokinesias (can't to finger to nose or heel to shin)

speech may be disarthric or scanning


hemispheres are laterally located and thus affect lateral limbs

Front 8

cerebellar vermis lesions

Back 8

Imbalance: Romberg + (with eyes open & closed) --ddx from DCML/dorsal column lesion where Romberg + (but nl with eyes open) -- can't do tandem giat

Truncal Ataxia = can't sit unsupported

Eyes: nystagmus, ocular dysmetria, poor pursuit

Front 9

subthalamic nucleus lesion

Back 9

contralateral hemiballismus (this is actually part of the basal ganglia)

this is sudden wild flailing of 1 arm +/- 1 leg

commonly seen in lacunar stroke in a patient with a hx of htn, dm, hx smoking

Front 10

hippocampus leions

Back 10

anterograde amnesia = inability to make new memories

Front 11

PPRF lesion

Back 11

eyes look toward hemiplegia

(lesion is going to be in the pons which and grabs the CST -- so hemiplegia is contralateral to the lesion here)

Front 12

frontal eye fields lesion

blood supply?

Back 12

eyes look toward the lesion

located in the frontal lobe (premotor cortex)

MCA

Front 13

tremor that worsens when holding posuter is a _____

tx?

Back 13

essential/postural tremor

AD

pts like to use ETOH to self medicate , we like to use BBs

Front 14

thalamus funciton

blood supply of ventral thalamus? function?

blood supply of LGN and MGN and fucntion?

Back 14

major relaty for ascending sensory information that ultimately reaches the cortex

ventral thalamus = posterior communicatingl artery from the ICA
VPL = body sensation (all 5)
VPM= facial sensation (CN 5)
Venttral anterior and ventral lateral necule = motor

LGN (visual - projects via optic radiations to the occipital cortex) and the MGN (auditory)
-- both = Posterior cerebral via the basilar
-LG Anterior choroidal via the ICA

Front 15

what composes the limbic system?

funciton?

Back 15

cingulate gyrus
hippocampus
fornix
mamillary bodies
amygdala
olfactory bulb

feeding, fleeing, fighting, feeling and fucking (5 f's)

Front 16

hypothalamus function?

blood supply?

Back 16

TAN HATs
Thirst/water balance
Adenophypophysis control (ant pituitary)
Hunger
Autonomic regulation
Temperature regulation
Sexual urges

posterior communicating artery (via ICA)

Front 17

what are the 8 nuclei of the hypothalamus and give there funciton

affect of Leptin here?

Back 17

1. supraoptic nucleus = makes ADH

2. Paraventricular nucleus = makes oxytocin (induces labor)

3. lateral area = hunger center; leptin inhibits this; destruction>>anorexia, FTT
"leptin helps you LOSE wt by inhibiting the Lateral area"

4. ventromedial area = satiety center; stimulated by leptin (b/c you want to stay satisfied to lose wt); destruction makes you hyperphagic (craniopharyngioma)

5. anterior hypothalamis = coooling, parasymp (A/C) - destroy this and you become hot all the time

6. posterior hypothalamus = heating/sympathetic -- loose this and you become cold all the time

7. septal nucleus = sexual urges

8. suprachiasmatic nucleus = circadian rhythm

Front 18

Basal ganglia funciton?

what makes up the basal ganglia?

blood supply?

what is the input to the basal ganglia?

what dz results in basal ganglia atrophy?

Back 18

fine adjustments to motor movement / postural adjustments by providing inhibitory feedback to the motor cortex

substantia nigra pars compacta, which releases dopamine (decreased funciton in parkinsons)

basal atrophy is huntingtons

caudate
putamen
globus pallidus

MCA
(globus pallidus = MCA and anterior choroidal antery)

Front 19

direct pathway of the basal ganglia has what receptors? function? ultimate result when dopamine is released by the SNc?

indirect pathway?

parkinsons disease ?

Back 19

Direct = D1
function is to relieve inhibition of the thalamus and allow intended movement

indirect = D2
function is to inhibit thalamus in order stop unintended movement

with parkinsons: SNc is degenerated so no D1 or D2 stimulation
lack of D1 stimulation means difficulty to intiitate intended movements>>akinesia and cogwheel rigidity

lack of D2 stimulation means inability to prevent UNintended movements >>resting/pill rolling tremor

Front 20

thalamus locatoin

Back 20

surrounds 3rd ventricle
paired
between cortex and midbrain