Neuro Topography

Front 1

The orbital frontal cortex is part of the granular prefrontal cortex involved in regulation of emotions, control of emotions and motivation. Damage will alter personality.
[Orbital frontal cortex]

Back 1

Identify this region, what functions does it control?

Front 2

The opercular part of the inferior frontal gyrus in the dominant (usually left) hemisphere (along with the triangular portion of the inferior frontal gyrus) is the motor area of language generation (Broca's area).
[Opercular part, inferior frontal gyrus]

Back 2

Name this area, what functions take place here?

Front 3

The triangular part of the inferior frontal gyrus in the dominant (usually left) hemisphere (along with the opercular portion of the inferior frontal gyrus) is the motor area of language generation (Broca's area).
[Triangular part, inferior frontal gyrus]

Back 3

Name area and function?

Front 4

The middle frontal gyrus is part of the lateral frontal lobe. The posterior part includes premotor areas (planning of movement) while the frontal eye fields and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex are progressively more anterior. The latter is involved in strategic planning of higher motor and cognitive tasks. Lesions effect the ability to perform delayed spatial tasks.
[Middle frontal gyrus]

Back 4

Identify area and associated function(s)

Front 5

The Sylvian (lateral) fissure is a deep fissure that separates the opercular portions of the frontal and parietal lobes from the opercular portion of the temporal lobe. The insular cortex lies at the depth of the lateral fissure.
[Sylvian (lateral) fissure]

Back 5

Identify fissure, what does it separate? What lies at the depth of this fissure?

Front 6

The central sulcus defines the border of the precentral (primary motor) and postcentral (primary sensory) gyri. It usually doesn't quite reach the lateral fissure inferiorly, while it usually extends over the dorsal aspect of the hemisphere onto its medial side.
[Central sulcus]

Back 6

What is the name of this structure? What border does it define?

Front 7

The preoccipital notch is the indentation on the inferior surface of the brain that is at the location of the petrous ridge of the temporal bone. It defines the location where the temporal lobe meets the occipital lobe.
[Preoccipital notch]

Back 7

What is the name of this indentation? With what osteologic structure does it correspond? It defines the meeting of what two lobes?

Front 8

The postcentral gyrus is the primary sensory cortex with strong input from somatic sensory areas of the thalamus. There is a topography (somatotopy) with the face represented ventrally and the lower limb dorsally. The foot is represented on the medial aspect of the cortex.
[Postcentral gyrus]

Back 8

What is this structure? What is its function? From were does it receive input? What is the somatotopy of this region?

Front 9

The precentral gyrus is the primary motor cortex with strong axonal projections from pyramidal neurons to motor areas of the brain stem and spinal cord. There is a topography (somatotopy) with the face represented ventrally and the lower limb dorsally.
[Precentral gyrus]

Back 9

Identify the structure? functions?

Front 10

spinal cord enlargements are at the level of:

Back 10

the cervical and lumbar vertebrae

Front 11

spinal cord ends at what level?

Back 11

L1/L2 intervertebral disc

Front 12

where is the lumbar spinal cord found?

Back 12

at the level of the lowest thoracic vertebra

Front 13

conus medullaris

Back 13

lowest tapering portion of the spinal cord

Front 14

filum terminale interna

Back 14

continuation of the pia mater from the end of the conus medularis

Front 15

cauda equina consists of what?

Back 15

lumbar and sacral nerve roots arrising from the conus medularis

Front 16

structures marking points of exit of the nerve roots from the spinal cord

Back 16

DORSOLATERAL
and VENTROLATERAL SULCI
(small grooves on dorsolateral and ventrolateral portions of the spinal cord

Front 17

where is the anterior median sulcus? what important structure is associated with it?

Back 17

groove on anterior surface of spinal cord
in which the ANTERIOR SPINAL ARTERY runs

Front 18

dorsal median sulcus

Back 18

very small

Front 19

where is the dorsal intermediate sulcus?

Back 19

ONLY PRESENT IN UPPER PART OF SPINAL CORD

located between the:
-DORSAL MEDIAN SULCUS and
-DORSOLATERAL SULCUS

Front 20

What spinal cord division is between the median and posterolateral sulci?

Back 20

DORSAL FUNICULUS

Front 21

The lateral funiculus is between what structures?

Back 21

DORSOLATERAL SULCUS
and
VENTROLATERAL SULCUS

Front 22

What structure is found between the VENTROLATERAL SULCUS and the ANTERIOR MEDIAN SULCUS?

Back 22

VENTRAL FUNICULUS

Front 23

What is found in the dorsal, lateral and ventral funiculi?

Back 23

WHITE MATTER (in which the majority of nerve tracts that ascend and descend the spinal cord run)

Front 24

the dorsal funiculus contains almost exclusively what?

Back 24

the dorsal columns

Front 25

the DORSAL COLUMN
-where is it located?
-what is its function?

Back 25

located in the dorsal funiculus of the spinal cord

an ASCENDING TRACT, carries very specific sensations from the body up toward the brain (some division between the sensory fibers coming from the legs and those from the arms)

Front 26

The posterior intermediate sulcus separates what?

Back 26

the (medial) fibers from the legs from the (lateral) fibers of the arms

(fibers are located within the DORSAL COLUMN (tract) of the DORSAL FUNICULUS of the SPINAL CORD)

Front 27

damage to the posterior part of the spinal cord can affect what functions?

Back 27

vibratory sense, well-localized touch sensation and joint position sense

in the LIMBS!

Front 28

Basic internal structure of the spinal cord

Back 28

gray matter, districuted in an H-shape, with a central canal appearing in the x-piece

Front 29

central canal of spinal cord is a remnant of what embryologic structure?

Back 29

the lumen of the NEURAL TUBE

Front 30

ventral horn

Back 30

part of the H (gray matter) in spinal cord that protrudes forward

contains: large ALPHA MOTOR NEURONS that give rise to ALPHA MOTOR FIBERS innervating muscle

Front 31

dorsal horn

Back 31

part of the H (gray matter) in spinal cord that protrudes back

Front 32

most posterior portion of the dorsal horn is called what? why?

Back 32

SUBSTANTIA GELATINOSA

bc of its appearance using stains for fibers

Front 33

small folds making up the majority of the cerebellum

Back 33

FOLIA

Front 34

a deep division that separates the anterior lobe of the cerebellum from the posterior lobe

Back 34

PRIMARY FISSURE

Front 35

midline division of the cerebellum

Back 35

VERMIS

Front 36

lateral portion of the cerebellum

Back 36

hemisphere(s)

Front 37

the FLOCCULUS is part of what?

where is it located?

Back 37

two small lobes of the cerebellum

siutated posteriorly and inferiorally to the VERMIS and HEMISPHERES

Front 38

what connects the cerebellum to the brainstem?

Back 38

the 3 cerebellar peduncles (consist of large white matter connections, provide input and output from the cerebellum)

Front 39

Inferior Peduncle (aka Restiform Body) is located where?

Back 39

appears at the dorsolateral side of the brainstem (appears as an upward continuation from the spinal cord)

Front 40

MIDDLE CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLE (brachium pontis) connects what structures?
where is it seen?

Back 40

connects PONS out to the CEREBELLUM

obvious from ventral or lateral surface of brainstem

Front 41

SUPERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLE (brachium conjunctivum)

connects what structures?
where is it seen?

Back 41

connects the cerebellum down to the upper portion of the brainstem

difficult to see without removing the cerebellum (largely surrounded on the lateral side by the middle cerebellar peduncle)

Front 42

middle cerebellar peduncle is connected to what large protuberance on the ventral side of the brain

Back 42

BASIS PONTIS or BASAL PONS

Front 43

what structures divide the brainstem into 3 portions?

Back 43

the MIDDLE CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLE
and the
BASAL PONS

Front 44

what are the 3 portions of the brainstem?

Back 44

MEDULLA (spinal cord to the...)
PONS
MIDBRAIN (extends rostrally from the pons)

Front 45

External features of the MEDULLA

Back 45

INFERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLE
GRACILE and CUNEATE TUBERCLES
TUBER CINEREUM
INFERIOR OLIVE
PRE-OLIVARY SULCUS (CNXII)
POST-OLIVARY SULCUS (CNIX & CNX)
PYRAMIDS (w/ DECUSSATION)

Front 46

TUBER CINERIUM
(where is it found?)

Back 46

a small prominence running along the sides of the medulla (just lateral to cuneate tubercle)

situated over a band of fibers and nucleus associated with FACIAL SENSATIONS)

Front 47

forms large protruberance on lateral (/ventro-lateral) aspect of the rostral medulla

Back 47

INFERIOR OLIVE

Front 48

what emanates from the post-olivary sulcus?

Back 48

CN IX and CNX
GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL and VAGUS Nerves

Front 49

what emanates from the preolivary sulcus?

Back 49

CNXII

the HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE

Front 50

most ventral structure running the length of the brainstem

Back 50

PYRAMIDS (to either side of midline)

Front 51

Medullary Pyramids contain

Back 51

important bundles of fibers that arise from the CEREBRAL CORTEX and extend down to the SPINAL CORD

*critical for FINE/SKILLED MVMTS

Front 52

Pyramidal Decussation

Back 52

area of medulla at which the two pyramids seem to be joined (sight of crossing of fibers)

Front 53

what is located on the rostral side of the dorsal brainstem?

Back 53

the FOURTH VENTRICLE

Front 54

OBEX

Back 54

caudal-most end of 4th Ventricle

Front 55

What is visible in the floor of the ventricle?

Back 55

a number of ridges (mostly over various cranial nerve nuclei)

Front 56

What nerves exit at Medullary-Pontine Junction?

Back 56

ABDUCENS NERVE (CNVI)
FACIAL NERVE (VII)
VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR (CNVIII), portions wrap around inferior cerebellar peduncle

Front 57

what structures form the ACOUSTIC TUBERCLE

Back 57

portion of VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE (CNVIII) wrapping around the INFERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLE (around the medullary-pontine junction)

Front 58

the ventral pons is dominated by what?

Back 58

the BASAL PONS

Front 59

Where does the trigeminal nerve exit?

Back 59

the lateral side of the MIDDLE CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLE

Front 60

FACIAL COLLICULUS

Back 60

"hill" prominance on floor of 4th centricle

Front 61

distinctive bands of fibers on either side of the midline of the midbrain

Back 61

CEREBRAL PEDUNCLES (or CRUS CEREBRI)

contain most of the nerve fibers leaving the cerebral cortex heading for the brainstem or spinal cord (IMPORTANT!)

Front 62

interpeduncular fossa is located where?

what emanates from here?

Back 62

between the CEREBRAL PEDUNCLES

from which the OCULOMOTOR NERVE (CNIII) emanates

Front 63

CORPORAL QUADRIGEMINA

Back 63

four bumps on dorsal surface of the midbrain:
SUPERIOR COLLICULI (visual and other reflexes) and
INFERIOR COLLICULI (hearing)

Front 64

Brachium of the inferior and superior colliculi

Back 64

laterally running ridges from the inferior and superior colliculi

Front 65

Visible portions of the hypothalamus

Back 65

MAMILLARY BODIES (prominances on posterior aspect)
INFUNDIBULUM (midline, extending to pituitary)
LAMINA TERMINALIS (on the rostral side of the infundibulum [most rostral portion of developing nervous system from embryology])

Front 66

OPTIC CHIASM is just rostral to what diencephalic structure?

Back 66

the INFUNDIBULUM

site of crossing of many nerve fibers from the eye

Front 67

EPITHALAMUS
located where?
consists of?

Back 67

dorsal side of diencephalon

consists of: PINEAL GLAND (midline) and HABENULAR NUCLEI (swellings where attachments from pineal gland to back of brain are made)

Front 68

the diencephalon comprises the walls of what structure?

Back 68

the THIRD VENTRICLE
(most of diencephalon is located on either side of the 3rd ventricle)

Front 69

HYPOTHALAMIC SULCUS

Back 69

small groove that runs from anterior to posterior along the wall of the third ventricle

Front 70

major functions of the hypothalamus

Back 70

endocrine regulation
regulation of feeding
autonomic regulation
regulation of sexual behaviors

Front 71

massa intermedia

Back 71

or thalmic adhesion
small connection between the dorsal thalamus and hypothalamus
(NO FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE)

Front 72

stria medullaris thalami

Back 72

a ridge toward the dorsal side of the thalami (running for anterior to posterior to meet the HABENULA)

Front 73

the THALAMUS is what type of mass?

Back 73

a very large NUCLEAR MASS

the origin of many of the afferent fibers projecting to the cerebral cortex

most information (sensory & even motor feedback information) required by the cerebral cortex passes through the THALAMUS

Front 74

MEDIAL AND LATERAL GENICULATE BODIES

Back 74

two prominances located just rostral to the colliculi of the brainstem

chief sites of relay of auditory (medial) and visual (lateral) information to the
cerebral cortex respectively

Front 75

Sylvian fissure

Back 75

aka LATERAL SULCUS divides the FRONTAL and PARIETAL LOBES above from the TEMPORAL LOBE below (longer in left hemisphere of brain) (transverse plane)

Front 76

Central Sulcus

Back 76

separates PARIETAL LOBE from FRONTAL LOBE

(coronal plane)

Front 77

Parieto-occipital sulcus

Back 77

?? separates parietal and occipital lobes of brain?

Front 78

post posterior lobe of brain

Back 78

occipital lobe

Front 79

lobe anterior to central sulcus

Back 79

frontal lob

Front 80

lobe ventral to the lateral fissure

Back 80

temporal lobe

Front 81

parietal lobe is between

Back 81

the frontal and occipital lobes

Front 82

precentral gyrus is located where?
contains many what?
stimulation will result in...

Back 82

just anterior to the central sulcus

contains many neurons whose axons wil run down into the spinal cord, controlling movement

electrical movements of this ?gyrus? will result in MOVEMENTS OF THE FACE AND EXTREMITIES

Front 83

postcentral gyrus
-location?
-what happens in this area?
-stimulation of this area will result in...

Back 83

located just behind the central sulcus

area of termination of many of the somatic sensory fibers coming from the thalamus

stimulation of this area will result in sensations projected onto certain areas of the body

Front 84

Transverse gyri (of Heschl)
and
ISLE OF REIL

Back 84

small sulci that run into the depths of the lateral fissure

deeper in the lateral fissure is the INSULA or "isle of Reil" another group of gyri

Front 85

CALCARINE SULCUS
where is it located?

Back 85

in occipital lobe (medial side) runs from neer posterior tip of occipital lobe anteriorward toward the parieto-occipital sulcus

gyri on either side (portions of cortex) intially receive visual information

Front 86

what is the name of the large connection between the two sides of the cerebral hemispheres?

Back 86

CORPUS CALLOSUM

Front 87

parts of the CORPUS COLLOSUM

Back 87

rostral-most ROSTRUM
GENU
BODY
large posterior SPLENIUM

Front 88

what follows the corpus collosum around its dorsal surface

Back 88

CINGULATE GYRUS

Front 89

SUBCALLOSAL REGION

Back 89

portion of ??CINGULATE GYRUS or CORTEX??? directly ventral to ROSTRUM of CORPUS COLLOSUM

Front 90

What separates the two lateral venticles?

Back 90

SEPTUM PELLUCIDUM (thin membrane)

Front 91

thickening at inferiormost portion of the septum pellucidum

Back 91

FORNIX

Front 92

FORNIX represents what type of pathway? where does it go?

Back 92

WHITE MATTER PATHWAY

follows the ventricle posteriorly and laterally toward the temporal lobe

at rostral portion of septum pellucidum, fornix swings ventrally toward hypothalamus

Front 93

ANTERIOR COMMISSURE

Back 93

tract that connects the two sides of the brain

Front 94

how does CSF pass from the lateral ventricle to the third ventricle?

Back 94

must pass ventral to the fornix, via the FORAMEN OF MONROE

Front 95

Choroid plexus is located where? What does it produce?

Back 95

rough and irrecular tissue, extending through the foramen of MONROE into the LATERAL VENTRICLE

responsible for production of CSF

Front 96

floor of the lateral ventricle is composed primarily of what?

Back 96

dorsal surface of the thalamus

Front 97

STRIA TERMINALIS

Back 97

groove at the lateral edge of the thalamus

Front 98

Caudate nucleus
Head of the Caudate
Body of the Caudate

Back 98

???

Front 99

which lobes does the lateral ventricle invade?

Back 99

temporal and occipital lobes