Neuro Test 4

Front 1

The ear is divided into what 3 parts?

Back 1

outer ear (air filled)
middle ear (airfilled)
inner ear (fluid filled)

Front 2

describe the outer ear

Back 2

funnel-shapped contains pinna (auricle)
and canal (external auditory meatus)

Front 3

describe the middle ear

Back 3

contains
1-the ear drum (tympanic membrane)
2-the ossicles (incus, maleus, and stapes)
3- muscles include the tensor typani and the stapedus

Front 4

what nerves innervate the stapedus?

Back 4

cranial nerve VII- motor arm of the stapedus reflex and cranial nerve VIII-sensory arm of stapedus reflex

Front 5

sensation of sound =

Back 5

sensation of mechanical vibrations (air molecules disturbed vibrate tympanic membrane) ossicles attached to each other help amplify and cochlea becomes excited

Front 6

define the cochlea

Back 6

colied, hollow tube of bone extending from the vestibule. 1 end of the stapes attaches to its opening

Front 7

naturally the cochlea makes a ___ turn but if you uncoil it....

Back 7

2 3/4 turn but if you uncoil it there are 3 chambers: 1. scala vestibuli, scala media (cochlear duct), 3. scala typani

Front 8

If you stretch/flatten/uncoil the cochlea, you can see 3 chambers or compartments. What are they?

Back 8

1. scala vestibuli
2. scala media (cochlear duct)
3. scala tympani

Front 9

cochlea is divided through most of its length by a membrane partition. What is this partition called?

Back 9

scala media or cochlear duct (endolymph filled)

Front 10

what are the 2 fluid filled spaces (scalene) formed by the dividing midline?

Back 10

scala vestibuli (parilymph filled)
scala tympani (parilymph filled)

Front 11

what are the two types of fluid in these scalene?

Back 11

1. perilymph
2. endolymph

Front 12

explain perilymph. What is it rich in. Where is it located (which scalas?)

Back 12

within scala vestibuli and scala tympani; rich in sodium (Na+) ions; like intracellular

Front 13

explain endolymph. What is it rich in. Where is it located (which scalas?)

Back 13

within scala media, rich in potassium (K+) ions; like extracellular fluid

Front 14

fluid with scala vestibuli and scala tempani can/cannot mix

Back 14

can! they are both perilymph

Front 15

fluid with scala vestibuli and scala media can/cannot mix

Back 15

cannot! endolymph and perilymph do not mix

Front 16

what are the small openings through which perilymph travels between scala vestibuli and scala tympani?

Back 16

heliocotrema

Front 17

what are the two openings (membranes) that connect the middle ear to the inner ear?

Back 17

1. oval window
2. rounded window

Front 18

explain the oval window

Back 18

where the stapese is atteched to the cochlea, where 1 end of the scala vestibuli ends

Front 19

explain the rounded window

Back 19

where one end of the scala tympani ends

Front 20

oval window leads to scala vestbuli, which leads to what?

Back 20

helicotrema which leads to scala tympani which leads to rounded window

Front 21

so, tympanic membrane vibrates --> name the rippling effect next sequence of events in order:

Back 21

1. ossicles vibrate
2. footplate of stapes rocks 3. vibration transmitted to oval window
4. a wave is sent rippling through the perilymph (toward the helicotrema)
5. wave contiinues in the perilymph of the scala tympani
6. round window bulges out when the wave reaches it (for pressure relief)

Front 22

what is the organ of corti?

Back 22

the core component of the cochlea; within scala media; rests on basilar membrane

Front 23

how does the organ of corti work?

Back 23

has mechanoreceptors AKA haircells(sensitive to mechanical changes, or vibrations)that convert vibration into electrical action potential

Front 24

name the 2 types of haircells

Back 24

inner haircells
outer haircells

Front 25

how many rows are there of inner haircells versus outer haircells?

Back 25

1 row of inner
3 rows of outer

(but inner haircells have more innervation)

Front 26

what nerve innervates haircells

Back 26

CNVIII innervates both outer and inner haircells--95%! of CN VIII fibers innervate inner hair cells

Front 27

where are haircells arranged?

Back 27

in 4 rows along the entire length of the cochlea

Front 28

what causes sensorineural hearing loss?

Back 28

a very strong movmeent of the endoly,ph (due to very loud noise) may cause haircells to die

Front 29

what is the most common kind of hearing impairment

Back 29

sensorineural

Front 30

what is one major cause of sensorineural hearing loss

Back 30

the reduction of the function of the organ of corti

Front 31

what are sterocillia

Back 31

haircell microvilli (microvilli means small extensions of the cell's surface)that sit on top of the haircell on the end closest to the endolymph

Front 32

what are tip links

Back 32

filametous connections that extend from the tip of each stereocillium to its next tallest neighbor (spring-like)

Front 33

vibration of the orin of corti causes bending of the _______

Back 33

stereociilia (they're rigid so they dont bend all the way, but they tilt)

Front 34

Because of _______, when one stereocillum bends, the one next to it is affected, too

Back 34

tip links

Front 35

so in conclusion, what causes vibration of the organ of corti and ultimately bending of the stereocillia

Back 35

a wave is sent rippling through the perilymph--> causes virbation of basilar membrane (and endolymph in scala media)-->causes vibration of the organ of corti--> causes movement of the haircells

Front 36

motion of the haircells is converted into_____

Back 36

electrical signals

Front 37

Where are ion channels located

Back 37

at the tip of the tip lnks

Front 38

If you stretch/flatten/uncoil the cochlea, you can see 3 chambers or compartments. What are they?

Back 38

1. scala vestibuli
2. scala media (cochlear duct)
3. scala tympani

Front 39

cochlea is divided through most of its length by a membrane partition. What is this partition called?

Back 39

scala media or cochlear duct (endolymph filled)

Front 40

what are the 2 fluid filled spaces (scalene) formed by the dividing midline?

Back 40

scala vestibuli (parilymph filled)
scala tympani (parilymph filled)

Front 41

what are the two types of fluid in these scalene?

Back 41

1. perilymph
2. endolymph

Front 42

explain perilymph. What is it rich in. Where is it located (which scalas?)

Back 42

within scala vestibuli and scala tympani; rich in sodium (Na+) ions; like intracellular

Front 43

explain endolymph. What is it rich in. Where is it located (which scalas?)

Back 43

within scala media, rich in potassium (K+) ions; like extracellular fluid

Front 44

fluid with scala vestibuli and scala tempani can/cannot mix

Back 44

can! they are both perilymph

Front 45

fluid with scala vestibuli and scala media can/cannot mix

Back 45

cannot! endolymph and perilymph do not mix

Front 46

what are the small openings through which perilymph travels between scala vestibuli and scala tympani?

Back 46

heliocotrema

Front 47

what are the two openings (membranes) that connect the middle ear to the inner ear?

Back 47

1. oval window
2. rounded window

Front 48

explain the oval window

Back 48

where the stapese is atteched to the cochlea, where 1 end of the scala vestibuli ends

Front 49

explain the rounded window

Back 49

where one end of the scala tympani ends

Front 50

oval window leads to scala vestbuli, which leads to what?

Back 50

helicotrema which leads to scala tympani which leads to rounded window

Front 51

so, tympanic membrane vibrates --> name the rippling effect next sequence of events in order:

Back 51

1. ossicles vibrate
2. footplate of stapes rocks 3. vibration transmitted to oval window
4. a wave is sent rippling through the perilymph (toward the helicotrema)
5. wave contiinues in the perilymph of the scala tympani
6. round window bulges out when the wave reaches it (for pressure relief)

Front 52

what is the organ of corti?

Back 52

the core component of the cochlea; within scala media; rests on basilar membrane

Front 53

what are the 2 types of hair cells in the cochlea?

Back 53

1.- inner hair cells (1 row)
2- outer hair cells (3 rows)

Front 54

where are the rows of haircells arranged?

Back 54

along the entire length of the cochlea

Front 55

what nerve innervate inner and outer hair cells?

Back 55

cranial nerve VIII

Front 56

95% of cranial nerve VIII fibers innervate what?

Back 56

inner cells

Front 57

what can cause sensorineural hearing loss

Back 57

a very strong movement of the endolymph due to very loud noise-- damages the hair cells

Front 58

what is the most common kind of hearing impairment

Back 58

sensorineural

Front 59

once haircells are damaged, do they regenerate?

Back 59

nope

Front 60

hair cell microvilli, which are small extensions of the cell's surface, they sit on top of the haircell, on the end of the cell thats closest to the endolymph

Back 60

stereocillia

Front 61

filamenteous connections that extend from the tip of each stereocillium to its next tallest neighbor

Back 61

tip links

Front 62

vibration of the structure __________causes bending of what?

Back 62

vibration of the structure, the organ of corti, causes bending og the stereocillia (they are rigid, so they dont bend over all the way, but they tilt)

Front 63

Because of _________, when one stereocillium bends, the one next to it is affected too

Back 63

tip links

Front 64

so what causes vibration of the organ of corti and ultimately hearing?

Back 64

1. a rippling wave is sent through the perilymph
2. causes vibration of basilar bembrane (and endolymph in the scala media)
3. causes vibration of the organ of corti
4. causes movement of haircells (bending of stereocillia)
5. motion of hair cells is converted into electrical signals

Front 65

so motion of the hair cells is converted into electrical signals.... where and how?

Back 65

at the tips of the tip links there are channels that open when stereocilia bend; when they open K+ goes in, and the haircells become depolarized, then calcium channels open and calcium goes in, the the haircells release neurotransmitters and the neurotransmitters bind with CN VIII; CN VIII fires!

Front 66

what does the organ of corti rest on?

Back 66

the basilar membrane

Front 67

are haircells specialized?

Back 67

yes, different receptor haircells along the basilar membrane respond best to sounds of different frequencies

Front 68

what do hair cells convert vibration into then?

Back 68

electrical action potential

Front 69

which end of the organ of corti is near the oval window

Back 69

basal end

Front 70

which end of organ of corti is near the apex of the cochlea

Back 70

apical end

Front 71

where are hair cells more sensitive to higher frequencies

Back 71

basal end

Front 72

where are hair cells more sensitive to lower frequencies

Back 72

apical end

Front 73

what is the tonotopic map analogous to

Back 73

somatotopic map of the sensory pathway

Front 74

whose dendrites make synaptic contact with the base of the hair cells

Back 74

spiral ganglion cells

Front 75

spinal ganglion cell axons make up what?

Back 75

spinal ganglion cell axons bundle together to form the auditory portion of CN VIII

Front 76

which brainstem nuclei are involved in the auditory system?

Back 76

1) cochlear nucleus (in caudal pons)
2) superior olivary nucleus (in caudal pons)
3) inferior colliculus (in caudal pons)

Front 77

which thalamic nuclei are involved in the auditory system

Back 77

medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)

Front 78

so haircells transmit electrical signals to what? And then where is the first synapse

Back 78

haircells transmit electrical signals to cranial nerve VIII and the first synapse is at the cochlear nucleus in the caudal pons of the brainstem

Front 79

after the tranmitted signal synapses in the cochlear nucleus, do the fibers of CN VIII cross the midline?

Back 79

Well MOST of them do, but some fibers ascend ipsilaterally from the cochlear nucleus and do not cross the midline (there are much fewer of these fibers)

Front 80

the auditory pathway divides into two branches. What are they?

Back 80

the ventral branch and the dorsal branch

Front 81

if the signal chooses the ventral branch, where will the second synapse be?

Back 81

superior olivary nucleus (brainstem)

Front 82

if the signal chooses the ventral branch, where will the third synapse be?

Back 82

inferior colliculus

Front 83

if the signal follows the dorsal branch, where will the second synapse (after the cochlear nucleus) be?

Back 83

directly at the inferior colliculous

Front 84

after they went their separate ways, both the ventral and the dorsal branch then synapse at the _______ and the ______

Back 84

medial geniculate nucleus (thalamus) and finally in the auditory cortex.

Front 85

what are the white fibers of the VENTRAL branch that ascend from the cochlear nucleus, cross the midline, and then ascend to the superior olivary nucleus called?

Back 85

trapezoid body

Front 86

what are the white fibers, in both the ventral and the dorsal branches, that ascend from the trapezoid body (superior olivary nucleus) to the inferior colliculous called?

Back 86

lateral lemniscus-- dorsal and ventral branches dont actually join tracts but both tracts ascending together are known as lateral lemniscus

Front 87

what are white fibers that ascend from the inferior colliculous to the MGN

Back 87

inferior brachium

Front 88

what is the anatomical term for the primary auditory cortex

Back 88

transverse temporal gyrus (Heschl's gyrus)

Front 89

where does information travel from the transverese temporal gyrus/primary auditory cortex?

Back 89

association auditory cortices (Wernicke's area)

Front 90

Most fibers ascend contralaterally from the cochlear nucleus true or false

Back 90

true

Front 91

some fibers ascend ipsillaterally from the cochlear nucleus and they follow the same path of the fibers that did cross true or false

Back 91

true

Front 92

less fibers ascend ipsillaterally true or false

Back 92

true

Front 93

the first synapse of CN VIII is always on the ipsilateral side of cochlear nuclues true or false

Back 93

true-- the first synapse is before anything crosses the midline

Front 94

after the first synapse the fibers split into 3 branches true or false

Back 94

false-- the fibers split into 2 branches, the ventral and dorsal branch, most then cross the midline and travel contralaterally while some ascend ipsillaterally while still following the same path.

Front 95

what is the first point where information from both ears converges from

Back 95

superior olivary nucleus

Front 96

what structure, then is important for sound localization

Back 96

superior olivary nucleus-- 1st point where information from both ears converges, requires us to interpret auditory informatio from both ears

Front 97

if cranial nerve VIII is lesioned what would follow

Back 97

total ipsilateral deafness because no information is going to the brainstem from that side

Front 98

if lesion is at the cochlear nucleus what would follow

Back 98

still total ipsilateral deafness (first synapse)

Front 99

if the lesion is at 1 side's trapezoid body what would follow

Back 99

you wont observe total deafnessin the contralateral ear because there are ipsilateral fibers from the other side that can compensate; you'll observe hearing loss in both ears with more on the contralateral side than the ipsilateral side

Front 100

rememeber disturbance in fluid from oval window to round window but sometimes there's a backward movement of the fluid through the chambers from round window to oval window too. why?

Back 100

oval window is pushed out causes ossicles to vibrate, causes tympanic membrane to vibrate

Front 101

when theres a backward movement of fluid from the round window to the oval window this is called

Back 101

otoaccoustic emmisions (OAEs-- ringing in the ears)

Front 102

so OAEs =

Back 102

sound produced by vibrations of tympanic membrane

Front 103

the cochlea doesnt only retrive sound, it generates it too! true or false

Back 103

true (OAEs)

Front 104

what is the main function of the vestibular branch of Cranial nerve VIII

Back 104

process information involving gravity, rotations, acceleration

Front 105

why are the OAes often used as a measure of inner ear health?

Back 105

after the inner ear has been damaged OAEs dissapear.
Simple, non-invasive test for hearing impairment especially good for infants who cant respond verbally also good for children who are too young to cooprtate in conventioal hearing tests

Front 106

how are OAEs recorded

Back 106

will a microphone in the ear canal

Front 107

hair cell receptors of CN VIII are responsible for direct ________, acceleration located in the ______ _, _____, and _____.

Back 107

direct gravitational pull, acceleration, located in the utricle, saccule, and semicircular canals.

Front 108

where are the hair cell receptors of the vestibular system located?

Back 108

hair cell receptors are enclosed in the utricle, saccule, and semicircular canals; haircells sit on a small swelling at the base called the ampula

Front 109

what is the vestibule

Back 109

area where semicircular canals converge, contains the utricle and the sacule

Front 110

name 3 semicircular canals

Back 110

horizontal, posterior, and anterior

Front 111

the 3 semicircular canals are filled with what

Back 111

endolymph

Front 112

what does the ampula contain

Back 112

crista

Front 113

what is crista

Back 113

ridge of epithelial tissue convered by sensory haircells

Front 114

what is the gelatinous mass that covers the crista

Back 114

cingual

Front 115

what does the motion of the endolymph tell us

Back 115

where we're going! each canal deals with movement (up/down, side to side, tilting from one another)

Front 116

what is whole canal called

Back 116

labrynth

Front 117

hair cells are activated by the movements of what-- explain

Back 117

endolymph
movement stilmulates hair cells, endolymph lags behind because of inertia when endolymph catches up, stimulation ceases; once movement stops, endolymph continue to move for a short time therefore movement is effected by haircells

Front 118

hair cells are polarized, what does this mean functionally

Back 118

if haircells are pushed one way they become excited, if they are pushed the other way, they become inhibited

Front 119

haircells are most sensitve to what type of acceleration?

Back 119

angular accelaration (shake head no)

Front 120

are there cirstae in the untricle and saccule?

Back 120

nope

Front 121

the utricle and sacule each have a patch of hair cells. There are called____

Back 121

macula

Front 122

utricular macula is what directional plane?

Back 122

horizontal/bottom

Front 123

saccular macula is what directional plane

Back 123

vertical

Front 124

the utricle and the sacule have what gelatinous substance

Back 124

calcium carbonate crystialis (otoliths or otoconia)

Front 125

what does this gelatinous substance in the utricle and saccule do?

Back 125

cuases extra thickness/denser than endolymph, which stimulates haircells

Front 126

this gelatinous substance of the utricle and saccule is called

Back 126

the otolithic membrane

Front 127

the utricle is more sensitive to linear accelaration in the _________ plane

Back 127

horizontal

Front 128

the saccule is more sensitive to _____ accelartion

Back 128

verticle linear acceleration

Front 129

the haircells reside in the _______

Back 129

vestibular ganglion

Front 130

most primary vestibular afferents of the hair cells end in the ____

Back 130

vestibular nuclei (rostral medulla, caudal pons)

Front 131

axons carry vestibular info to the _____ (general large structure)

Back 131

brainstem-- (vestibular nucleus R on each side)

Front 132

from the brainstem, ipsilateral and bilateral connections for balance go to different parts of the CNS including

Back 132

thalamus, cerebellum, and cranial nerves

Front 133

what are the inputs for balalnce to vestibular nuclei

Back 133

in addition to promary afferent CN 8, also from cerebellum (coordination), spinal cord (posture), vestibular nuclei from opposite side (work together)

Front 134

what are the outputs for balance from the vestibular projection from the vestibular nuclei

Back 134

goes through the thalamus to the cerebral cortex (conscious awareness of movement through space)
1.cerebellum-- coordination movement
2. reticular formation--motion sickness
3. SC-- regulation of posture and movements

Front 135

inputs from visual system and joint and muscle receptors (where we are in spece) are also involved in____

Back 135

balance

Front 136

name a balance pathology and some etiologies of it and one possible compensation

Back 136

pathology: vertigo- nonspecific symptom. Spinning sensation;

etiology: can be caused by a variety of disorders eg Meniere's Disease, (tinnitius, spinning, aural fullness),

compensation: sometimes one individual can use vision to compensate for loss of vestibular function (have patient close eyes)

Front 137

taste is defined as a combination fo what 3 types of inputs

Back 137

1. somatosensory inputs (temp, texture)
2. gustatory input- chemical stiumlation of taste buds
3. olfactory input- vapors stiumlate sense of smell (think cold)

Front 138

stimulation of CN endings in oral and nasal cavities provide?

Back 138

further pungency and spiciness

Front 139

what are the 3 cranial nerves involved in taste

Back 139

1. facial VII
2. glossopharyngeal IX
3. vagus X

Front 140

where are the innervations of the cranial nerves encoded

Back 140

in the receptor cells of the taste buds

Front 141

where do taste buds live

Back 141

on the bumps and folds (papillate) of the surface of the tongue

Front 142

name 3 types of taste buds

Back 142

1. fungiform- mushroom like, front portion, contain a few.
2. foliate- leaf life, back portion, dozens of taste buds
3. valliate- v shaped, contains 50% of taste buds, back portion make of 2/3 of these

Front 143

which cranial nerve innervated the valliate

Back 143

CN IX

Front 144

which cranial nerve innervates the foliate

Back 144

mostly CN IX but also CN 5

Front 145

which cranial nerve innervates the fungiform and the andterior foliate

Back 145

CN 5

Front 146

where is the vagus nerve involved

Back 146

in the small posterior

Front 147

each taste bud is conprised of what type of cells?

Back 147

1.taste receptor cells
2. supporting cells
3. basal cells

Front 148

which cells replace the taste receptor cells

Back 148

stem cells/basal cells

Front 149

what type of cells are taste receptor cells

Back 149

modified epithelial

Front 150

how do taste receptor cells behave

Back 150

like neurons-- depolarizaing; used different channels depending on food eg) sodium used in salty foods

Front 151

what does taste reponse depend on

Back 151

whole population of receptors. it takes a lot to perceive a flavor

Front 152

taste receptor cells are not specialized. however______

Back 152

taste receptor cells are not specialized: they respond to a wide range of tastes. any taste bud is capable of detecting all basic taste, however some happen to be more sensitive to certain tastes. no area is sensitive to just one taste.

Front 153

name the 4 tastes

Back 153

salty sweet bitter sour

Front 154

which nerves carry taste into the brainstem; which neurons are they

Back 154

facial, glossophayrngeal, and vagus nerve afferents

second order gustatory neurons

Front 155

where in the brainstem do these neurons travel to

Back 155

via solitary tract to the solitary nucleus

Front 156

what are the second order gustatory neurons also involved in aside from taste

Back 156

the motor component of coughing and swallowing

Front 157

from the brainstem, second order gustatory neurons also go to the ______, _______, and _______

Back 157

1. thalamus (conscous awareness of taste
2. hypothalamus
3. limbic lobe (more emotional/affective, effective of taste

Front 158

where does smell begin

Back 158

with olfactory epithelium in the nose

Front 159

cells that project axons through the ethmoid bone CN 1 end in the _______

Back 159

olfactory bulb

Front 160

the olfactory epithelium has olfactory receptor neurons (single dendrite) which sends to the _______

Back 160

olfactory vesicle

Front 161

what is the olfactory vessicle

Back 161

in mucous layer where odorants diffuse

Front 162

discuss the lifespan of the olfactory receptor neurons

Back 162

they are short-lived (like taste receptor neurons)

Front 163

where are olfactory receptor neurons produced

Back 163

in the olfactory receptor proteins

Front 164

what do olfactory receptor proteins bind to and what does this binding result in

Back 164

bind to odorants -- results in influx of NA polarization

Front 165

what are the membranous characteristics of olfactory receptor proteins

Back 165

thin and unmylenated-- slow conduction

Front 166

where do olfactory neurons collect

Back 166

in the olfactory filla (which pass through the ethmoid bone) end in olfactory bulb

Front 167

what cranial nerve is composed of the olfactory filla

Back 167

cranial nerve 1

Front 168

what is contacted in the olfactory pathway

Back 168

dendrites of other neurons

Front 169

do axons emerging through the olfactory bulb go through the thalamus?

Back 169

NO axons emerging through the olfactory bulb DO NOT go through the thalamus

instead they go through the piriform cortex (lower portion of each frontal lobe) and amygdala. It is uncrossed

Front 170

loss of what two senses are closely linked

Back 170

taste and smell

Front 171

impaired olfaction also complain of impaired what

Back 171

gustatation

Front 172

what is the loss of the sense of smell called

Back 172

anosmia

Front 173

when does anosmia usually occur? what causes it?

Back 173

after truama, degenerative disease, sensorineural disorders, tuumors; disconnect between olfactory receptor fibers and the olfactory bulb

Front 174

what is it called when nothing is wrong with higher levels and it is the access that causes a loss of smell (it is seen with colds and allergies)

Back 174

conductive anosmia

Front 175

discuss the connections in and between the cerebral cortices

Back 175

connections between the 2 hemispheres are called:
commisure fibers

connections within the 2 hemispheres are called:
association fibers
The cerebral cortex is connected by the corpus collosum and anterior commisure but each inner cortex is connected by association fibers

Front 176

One functionally important association bundle which interconnects 2 prominant language areas

Back 176

arcuate fasciculous

Front 177

dominant hemisphere

Back 177

left (nearly all right handed people and most laft handed)-- prominant in language, mathematical ability, logical sequence analysis

Front 178

right hemisphere

Back 178

spatial and musical patterns, better at problem solving with intuition, rhythm, more wholistic

Front 179

most cerebral cortex is______

Back 179

neocortex

Front 180

neocortex

Back 180

most of the cerebral cortex is in 6 or more distinct layers numbered 1-6 from the surface down

Front 181

about 75% of all cortical nuerons are

Back 181

pyramidal cells with apical dendrites, basal dendrites, and an axon

Front 182

the remaining 25% of nonpyramidal cells size and function

Back 182

small inhibatory interneurons with axons that do not leave the cortx

Front 183

which areas are made up of small pyramidal and nonpyramidal cells

Back 183

cortical areas that do not emit many long axons like primary sensory areas

Front 184

which areas emit many long axons, like the motor cotex and are made of many large pyramydal cells

Back 184

agranular areas

Front 185

discuss the 2 main types of cells of the neocortex

Back 185

granule cells and pyramidal cells

Front 186

what are granule cells

Back 186

small cells in layers 2&4 shorter axons and remain in cortex, sensory; usually signals input from the thalamus, connect to thalamic structures

Front 187

what are pyramidal cells

Back 187

larger and long axons (long distance) prosence indicates cortical connections or long distance connected, motor cortex has many pyramidal cells

Front 188

name the 6 layers of the neorcortex

Back 188

1) molecular layer
2) external granular layer
3) external pyramidal layer
4)internal granular layer
5) internal pyramidal layer
6) multiform layer (modified pyramidal)

Front 189

what is the term for when it is hard to find boundaries between the layers (they invade eachother, not a perfect system)

Back 189

heterotypical cortex

Front 190

and the term for when there are very distinct boundaries?

Back 190

homotypical cortex

Front 191

what is the surface of the brain including lobes and insula

Back 191

cerebral cortex

Front 192

what is the "new bark" top/outer layer of the hemispheres, consisting of 6 layers with 2 types of cells but more of one type of cell

Back 192

neocortex

Front 193

what is the paleocortex

Back 193

layer intermediate between the neocortex and the archiocortex; portion of the telencephalon (olfaction)

Front 194

what is the archiocortex

Back 194

polygenetically oldest, hippocampal structure

Front 195

discuss the primary sensory cortices (where does input come from, what is represented, what layers, what cells)

Back 195

receives input from the thalamus; represents the periphery eg. auditory has tonotopic map; layers 2&4; has presence of granule cells/input of thalamus "koniocortex"

Front 196

what is koniocortex

Back 196

cortical areas that have many G-cells (thalamic??)

Front 197

what are the long distance pyramidal cells of the primary motor cortex called? where are they sent?

Back 197

"Betz" cells sent to CT and CB tracts

Front 198

which cortex is known as the agranular cortex

Back 198

primary motor

Front 199

what are the largest neurons in the CNS

Back 199

Betz cells

Front 200

what layer are Betz cells found in

Back 200

layer 5 (internal pyramidal)

Front 201

Name 4 important fasciculus and what they connect

Back 201

1) superior longitudianal fasciculus/arcutate fasciculus-- conects temporal and frontal regions (brocas and wernike's

2) inferior longitudinal fasciculous-- connects temproal and occipital

3) superior and interior occipitofrontal fasciculous

4) cingulum

Front 202

where do the primary sensory areas get their input from

Back 202

the thalamus

Front 203

where do the primary motor areas rise to

Back 203

rise to CT tract

Front 204

what four primary areas also have association areas next to them

Back 204

visual, somatosensory, auditory, and limbic

Front 205

what is the amygdala's role in memory

Back 205

they amygdala's role in moemory information may be emotional information related to the experience

Front 206

what is the hippocampus' role in memory

Back 206

encoding new long-term memory formation but memory itself is diffuse

Front 207

so bilateral damage to the hippocampus would cause what

Back 207

impaired ability to form long-term memeories but you can learn new skills

Front 208

what is the hypothalamus' main role

Back 208

maintaining homeostasis

Front 209

where does the hypothalamus receive information from

Back 209

receives sensory information from the visceral, limbic, and retina

Front 210

what are three types of amnesia

Back 210

antrograde
retrograde
global

Front 211

discuss antrograde amnesia

Back 211

well

Front 212

discuss retrograde amnesia

Back 212

well

Front 213

what types of lession are typical of global amnesia

Back 213

bilateral limbic lesions

Front 214

discuss broadman's areas and the main ones we should know (think language)

Back 214

broca's and wernike's....

Front 215

different types of memory underlying structures and deficits

Back 215

well....

Front 216

Given a structure, know if it's a sensory, motor, or association cortex

Back 216

well...

Front 217

long term memory

Back 217

explicit (facts) and implicit (skills); 2 types episodic and semantic. episodic memore is explicit (hippocampus)

Front 218

what is the timeline for short term memory

Back 218

less than one minute

Front 219

in contrast to unimodal inputs of the association areas, what is it called when there are lots of sensory-motor inputs (seen in the primary areas)containing:

"precise but distorted somatotopic, tonotopic,or retinotopic maps with large representations of functionally important areas like the fingers, the fovea, and speech frequencies"

Back 219

heteromodal

Front 220

what does the unimodal only apply to? what is it?

Back 220

unimodal is what it sounds like-- single-function. it refers to the association areas because they have less precise somatotopic, tonotopic, and retinotopic maps than the primary areas, but their cells have more complex response properties.

the unimodal therefore only applies to association areas.

Front 221

impaired ability to form long-term memeories but you can learn new skills

damage to what 2 structures may account for this?

Back 221

bilateral damage to the hippocampus or diencephalon damage

Front 222

the limbic system includes cortical or subcortical structures? the hippocampus is cortical or subcortical?

Back 222

The limbic system includes both cortical and subcortical structures but the hippocampus is cortical.

Front 223

where are emotion and memory performed in?

Back 223

emotion and memory are not localized in one single structure but rather the whole system

Front 224

what's included in the limbic lobe? (key structures)

Back 224

1) hippocampus-- memory formation
2) amygdala- emotional expression (not only involved)

Front 225

what structures make up the trunk of the temproal lobe

Back 225

1) cingulate gyrus
2) parahippocampal gyri
3) hippocampual gyri
4) amygdala
4) septal nuclei