Neuro Test 3

Front 1

Saccades

Back 1

rapid conjugate eye movements from one stationary target to another stationary target (200-700 deg/sec)

Front 2

Smooth Pursuit

Back 2

relatively slow conjugate eye movements that track a moving target (generally <100 deg/sec)

Front 3

Vergence

Back 3

dysconjugate eye movements that adjust to changes (far to near or near to far) in the point of focus

Front 4

Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia (INO)

Back 4

problem with ascending MLF in the pons – this interferes with control of the MR and impairs adduction of the ipsilateral eye
• bilateral damage to the MLF = bilateral impairment of adduction

Front 5

AICA

Back 5

internal auditory (labyrinthine) artery inner ear, cochlear nuclei

Front 6

Meniere’s disease

Back 6

recurrent episodes of vertigo and hearing loss due to excessive endolymph production or failure to remove the appropriate volume of endolymph

Front 7

acoustic neuroma

Back 7

Schwann cell tumor involving CN VIII between brainstem and internal acoustic meatus

Front 8

area 22

Back 8

posterior superior temporal gyrus; Wernicke’s area
also receives visual and somatosensory information
-damage affects speech comprehension

Front 9

area 39, 40

Back 9

inferior parietal lobule – angular and supramarginal gyrus
-part of Wernicke’s area
-damage affects aspects of language such as reading and writing

Front 10

area 44, 45

Back 10

inferior frontal gyrus; pars opercularis, pars triangularis; Broca’s area
Broca’s area
-damage causes nonfluent speech but comprehension is spared

Front 11

Omnipause cells

Back 11

inhibitory cells (active during fixation) are turned off to initiate a saccade

Front 12

Burst (Pulse) cells

Back 12

excitatory burst neurons (EBN)

Front 13

Tonic (Step) cells

Back 13

prepositus hypoglossal nuc.
(tonic excitation)

Front 14

Inhibitory cells

Back 14

inhibitory burst neurons (IBN)

Front 15

Parinaud Syndrome

Back 15

Impaired upward vertical gaze large pupils (lt and rt) that do not react to light • bilateral ptosis
• impaired eye convergence

Front 16

Cells of otocyst do not form?

Back 16

Intermediate cells of stria vascularis neural crest

Front 17

Inner Ridge

Back 17

Spiral Limbus

Front 18

Outer Ridge

Back 18

inner and outer hair cells

Front 19

perilymph

Back 19

Surronds
-low K+, ionic composition similar to CSF

Front 20

endolymph

Back 20

Fills
-high K+, ionic composition similar to intracellular fluid

Front 21

phalangeal cells (Dieter’s cells)

Back 21

-supporting cells for inner and outer hair cells
-send apical processes toward the endolymphatic space
-flatten near apical ends of hair cells forming cuticular plate (ACP)

Front 22

marginal cells (M): -

Back 22

K+ transport; line endolymphatic space of scala media

Front 23

basal cells (B):

Back 23

separate stria vascularis from spiral ligament

Front 24

intermediate (I) cells:

Back 24

pigmented; derive from neural crest

Front 25

organ of Corti

Back 25

in cochlear duct
- sound reception (audition)

Front 26

maculae

Back 26

in utricle and saccule
- sensitive to position of head and its linear movement

Front 27

cristae ampullaris (ampullary crests)

Back 27

in ampullae of semicircular ducts - sensitive to angular accelerations of head

Front 28

tectorial membrane

Back 28

-gelatinous structure
-secreted by spiral limbus

Front 29

sensory apparatus

Back 29

-specialized sensory epithelium resting on basilar membrane
-bathed in endolymph
-sensory receptors : hair cells

Front 30

deflection towards tallest stereocilium

Back 30

= depolarization
-deflection away from tallest stereocilium = hyperpolarization

Front 31

perilymph

Back 31

-scala vestibuli, scala tympani
-continuous with subarachnoid space via cochlear duct
-low K+; high Na+ (similar in composition to CSF)

Front 32

endolymph

Back 32

-scala media
-secreted by stria vascularis
-high K+; low Na+ (similar in composition to intracellular fluid

Front 33

monaural pathway

Back 33

posterior cochlear nucleus
inferior colliculus
C/L

Front 34

binaural pathway

Back 34

anterior cochlear nucleus
superior olivary nucleus
Bilateral

Front 35

primary auditory cortex (AI)

Back 35

Brodmann area 41 (anterior transverse temporal gyrus)

Front 36

secondary auditory cortex (AII)

Back 36

Brodmann area 42 (posterior transverse temporal gyrus; planum temporale)

Front 37

low frequency sounds

Back 37

detected by interaural time differences
MSO
bilat excitatory

Front 38

High Freq

Back 38

LSO
intensity
c/l inhibitory

Front 39

Utricle w one macula

Back 39

(linear head movement - horizontal plane)

Front 40

Saccule w one macula

Back 40

(linear head movement - vertical plane)

Front 41

vertical saccades

Back 41

interstitial nucleus of Cajal (near CN III nuc. and MLF)

Front 42

horizontal saccades

Back 42

paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF)
(or Horizontal Gaze Center)

Front 43

“Near Triad”

Back 43

1) bilateral medial rectus activation 2) lens more spherical - ciliary m. 3) pupillary constriction - sphincter pupillae

Front 44

Midbrain Supraoculomotor Area

Back 44

Convergence and Divergence dysconjugate movements

forms bilateral projections to CN III nucleus for medial rectus or to CN VI nucleus for lateral rectus