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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the types of somatosensory receptors in the skin? |
Haptic, Proprioception, Nociception |
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What do haptic receptors convey? |
Fine touch and pressure information |
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What are the haptic receptors? |
Hair follicle, Ruffini corpuscle, Merkel's discs, Meissner's corpuscle, Pacinian corpuscle |
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What information is relayed by hair follicles? |
Light touch |
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What information is relayed by Ruffini corpuscles? |
Stretch |
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What information is relayed by Merkel's discs? |
Steady skin indentation |
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What information is relayed by Meissner's corpuscles? |
Dynamic light touch |
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What information is relayed by Pacinian corpuscles? |
Vibration |
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How do haptic receptors work? |
Movement of capsules stimulates dendrites within by ultimately widening ion channels to allow ions to flow |
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What are the ways haptic receptors work? |
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What information is conveyed for proprioception? |
Body position/ body awareness |
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What are the two types of proprioceptors? |
Muscle spindles and golgi tendon orgamns |
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What are muscle spindles? |
Capsule with special muscle fiber called intrafusal fiber |
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What happens when muscle spindles stretch? |
Stretch causes sensory fibers to depolarize |
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What do muscle spindles monitor? |
Muscles |
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What do golgi tendon organs monitor? |
tendons |
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What do golgi tendon organs do? |
Warn body about heavy loads because they are sensitive to muscle tension |
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How do muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs look when they're relaxed, stretched, and contracted? |
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What information is conveyed by nociception receptors? |
temperature, pain, itch |
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What is TRP in thermosensation? |
Transient receptor potential ion channels. There are at least 6 that are sensitive to specific temperature ranges and sensitive to chemicals |
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What are independent dimensions of pain? |
Sensory-discriminative dimension motivational-affective dimension cognitive/evaluative dimension |
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What kind of pain is sensory-discriminative pain? |
throbbing, gnawing, shooting |
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What kind of pain is motivational-affective pain? |
tiring, sickening, fearful |
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What kind of pain is cognitive/evaluative pain? |
no pain, moderate, debilitating more like interpretation of pain (explaining to a doctor how bad your pain is) |
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What are the types of neurons that relay pain information? |
A delta fibers and C fibers |
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What are the characteristics of A delta fibers? |
Heavily myelinated, large diameter fast conduction possess TRP2 receptors sharp pain |
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What are the characteristics of C fibers? |
Unmyelinated, thin possess TRPV1 receptors dull ache |
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How is information transferred by primary pain neurons? |
Injured cells release chemicals that stimulate nerve ending. Sends information via dorsal root. Release glutamate and substance P causing excitation of next neuron |
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What are methods to modulate pain? |
Natural/Pharmacological analgesia (rubbing) Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (stem) Placebo effect |
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What are the main pathways for spinal somatic sensory pathways? |
1. Posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway 2. Anterolateral spinothalamic pathway 3. Spinocerebellar pathway |
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What kind of information is relayed in the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathways? |
Somatosensory |
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What kind of information is relayed in the anterolateral spinothalamic pathway? |
Pain and temperature |
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What kind of information is relayed in the spinocerebellar pathway? |
Unconscious proprioception |
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What is the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway? |
1. Info from sensory cells enter dorsal root of spinal cord 2. Axons ascend to brain in dorsal column 3. In medulla, ascending sensory axons form synapse, sending information contralateral |
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What happens when the sensory information reaches the brain? |
1. Thalamus sends information about contralateral sensory information to primary sensory cortex 2. Sensory information from different areas of the body sent to spatially distinct areas on sensory cortex |
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What is the pain pathway to the brain? |
Spinothalamic System |
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What is the difference between the somatosensory and pain pathways to the brain? |
Crossing over point and cortical region |
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What are the types of movement? |
Reflex and motor act |
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What are reflex movements? |
Simple, stereotyped and unlearned response (knee jerk reflex) |
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What are motor act movements? |
Complex movements that can be controlled or modified (walking, jumping, playing sports) |
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What are motor plans/programs? |
Motor plans/programs require an establishment of sequence of muscular contractions prior to execution.
Dynamic feedback fine tunes movement but general plan already set. |
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What is the trade off in motor plans? |
Accurate and precise vs fast can't be both |
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What is the difference between open-loops and closed-loops? |
Closed-loop maximizes accuracy (relies on real-time feedback information for correction) Open-loop maximizes speed (No feedback, don't need to learn, "preprogrammed") |
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What are examples of open-loops and closed-loops? |
Closed-loop : writing Open-loop : hand on hot burner |
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What is the control of movement from the brain to the muscles? |
1. Motor cortex receives information from other brain areas and relays to brainstem and thalamus 2. Cerebellum/basal ganglia adjusts commands 3. Brainstem passes information to muscles |
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What is most responsible for initiating movement? |
Primary motor cortex (M1) |
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What are the two tracts from the brain? |
Pyramidal and Extrpyramidal |
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What is the pyramidal tract? |
"Doing the movement" Most voluntary movement Direct connections from M1 to motor neuron |
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What is the extrapyramidal tract? |
"Planning the movement" Initiating, controlling, and coordinating movement Polysynaptic |
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Why is the extrapyramidal tract able to fine tune and modify? |
The basal ganglia and thalamus |
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How do muscles move? |
Through contraction |
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What are the ways muscles move with other muscles? |
Synergistic (act together to move in same direction) Antagonistic (counteract effect of another muscles in order to move Ex: bicep and tricep) |
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What sends information from the brain to the muscle? |
Spinal motoneurons |
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Where do the motoneurons do when they are near the muscle? |
Near muscle each axon splits to synapse across many muscle fibers
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What is the neuromuscular junction? |
Point of contact between motoneuron and muscle fiber |
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What makes the neuromuscular junction different from other chemical synapses? |
ACh is dominant neurotransmitter Resulting effect is muscle contraction |
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What are 3 broad classes of somatosensory receptors? |
Haptic, proprioception, nocioception |
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A soldier returned home from war but suffered a major injury. Her left arm had to be amputated. She tells her doctor that she feels pain in her left hand. The doctor tells the patient to sit down at the table and to put her right arm on the table. The doctor then puts a mirror on the table so that the soldier can see a reflection of her arm. She tells the doctor, "I no longer feel pain in my left hand!" What kind of pain modulation method did the doctor employ? |
Placebo effect |
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State two differences between the pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracks. |
Pyramidal --> monosynaptic, extrapyramidal -->polysynaptic
Pyramidal --> neurons pass through pyramid of medulla, extrapyramidal --> neuornsbypass pyramid of medulla Pyramidal --> voluntary movement; extrapyramidal --> fine tuning of movement |
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Which of the following is true about neuromuscular junctions? |
Acetylcholine is primary neurotransmitter & Binding of neurotransmitter causes influx of sodium to postsynaptic cell |
