Neuro Test 2

Front 1

What are the six main functions of the cerebellum

Back 1

1.(samples) takes a look at info and decides if it is correct, fixes if it is not correct.
2.(comparison)cell bodies receive the signal and then through inter neurons transmit the signal to another cell body and then it is passes along.
3.(coordinate)It helps coordinate the timing between the single components of a movement
4. It maintains steadiness during movements and helps initiate fast limb movements.
5.It participates in motor learning, motor memory and movement execution without conscious awareness.
6.cerebellar lesions cause incoordination but no sensory changes

Front 2

Describe the Cerebellar Cortex

Back 2

1. Deep fissures indent the surface and are then indented themselves by smaller fissures, resulting in a transverse arrangement of ridges.
2.Beneath the cortex is white matter
3. Mostly made of gray matter

Front 3

What are the three layers of the Cerebellar cortex

Back 3

1.Molecular layer
2.Purkinje cells
3.Granular layer

Front 4

3 longitudinal zones of the cerebellar cortex

Back 4

1.Vermis
2.The intermediate zones
3.Right & Left Cerebellar Hemisphere

Front 5

what are the three cerebellar cortex lobes

Back 5

1.Anterior lobe
2. Posterior lobe
3. Flocculonodular lobe

Front 6

Describe the Molecular layer

Back 6

consists mainly of the axons and dendrites of various cerebellar neurons

Front 7

Describe the Purkinje cells

Back 7

a single layer of large neurons; these are the only neurons whose axons leave the cerebellar cortex

Front 8

Describe the Granular layer

Back 8

composed of small granule cells, many cells thick.

Front 9

Describe the vermis

Back 9

1.Its major output is to the vestibular nuclei and the reticular formation which influence the spinal motor neurons. It is primarily concerned with the regulation and posture and of stereotyped movements (i.e. The basic pattern of walking movements)
2. balance / sleep wake cycles/ adjusting motor type movements

Front 10

Describe the The intermediate zones

Back 10

1. The major output of this portion of the cerebellum is via the interposed nucleus to the red nucleus and back to the motor cortex (through the thalamus).
2.Is involved in the comparison of motor commands from the cerebral cortex to the actual position and velocity of the moving part and then issues correcting signals. It affects the ipsilateral limbs.

Front 11

Describe the Right & Left Cerebellar Hemisphere of the cerebellum

Back 11

1.Each hemisphere is connected to the contralateral thalamus and cerebral hemisphere.
2.It receives input from widespread areas of the motor cortex in the cerebrum to the cerebellum and back to the motor cortex.
3.This loop suggests the hemispheres are involved in the planning of movements, acting by influencing the output of the motor cortex.
4.Each hemisphere controls movement of the limbs on the ipsilateral side of the body.

Front 12

Describe the anterior lobe of the cerebellum

Back 12

1.is a projection area for spinocerebellar proprioceptive information
2.it regulates posture, gait and tone in the trunk.

Front 13

describe the Posterior lobe of the cerebellum

Back 13

1.Is important for coordinating skilled, sequential voluntary muscle activity
2. major for speech
3. major for fingers

Front 14

Describe the Flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum

Back 14

1.Has primary connections to the vestibular nuclei (either directly or indirectly)
2.acts to modulate equilibrium and the orientation of the head and eyes.

Front 15

Some general details about the Cerebellar peduncles

Back 15

1.the structures through which fibers enter or leave the cerebellum;
2.they connect the cerebellum to the brain stem

Front 16

Name the 3 cerebellar peduncles

Back 16

1.Inferior peduncle (restiform body)
2.Middle peduncle (brachium pontis)-
3.Superior peduncle (brachium conjunctivum)

Front 17

Describe the inferior peduncle

Back 17

1. contains primarily afferent fibers from the spinal cord and brainstem, but also carries efferent information to the vestibular mechanism and reticular formation.
2.sensory info from bs sends info to vestibular mechanism and reticular formation

Front 18

Describe the Middle peduncle

Back 18

1. the largest of the three, is an efferent pathway from the pontine nuclei of the contralateral side.
2.It carries cortical planning information from pons to the cerebellum ( movement information)

Front 19

Describe the Superior peduncle

Back 19

1.Carries the major efferent pathways from the cerebellum;
2. they synapse in the thalamus and then project to the cortex

Front 20

Name three Deep cerebellar nuclei

Back 20

Dentate
Globose & Emboliform
Fastigial nucle

Front 21

Describe Dentate nuclei

Back 21

1.active in initiating movement, executing preplanned motor tasks, and regulating posture;
2.is associated with the lateral hemispheres; preferentially influences the thalamus

Front 22

Describe Globose & Emboliform

Back 22

1. acts in comparing and correcting signals; influences the red nucleus; is associated with the intermediate zone.

Front 23

Describe the Fastigial nuclei

Back 23

1.– gives rise to fibers ending in the vestibular nuclei;
2.acts to help regulate posture and gait patterns; associated with the vermis (balance)

Front 24

How do cerebellar lesions manifest themselves

Back 24

in incoordination of volitional movement and, often, in volitionally maintained postures.

Front 25

Describe Ataxia

Back 25

general incoordination of motor acts; a staggering or reeling gait and abnormal posture. The patient compensates for ataxia by standing and walking with feet wide apart in a broad-based gait.

Front 26

describe Decompensation of movement

Back 26

The will break a complex motor act into its components and execute the act movement by movement (robot-like).

Front 27

Describe Dysmetria

Back 27

the inability to gauge the distance, speed and power of movement. The patient may stop before the movement is performed or may overshoot the motor goal

Front 28

Describe Adiadochokinesia/Dysdiadochokinesia

Back 28

the inability to perform rapid alternating movement of muscles. One may see awkwardness or clumsiness of alternate movements. Can be measured in the muscles of the oral mechanism; pronation/supination of the hands, rapid tapping of the fingers; rapid opening and closing of the fists.the inability to gauge the distance, speed and power of movement. The patient may stop before the movement is performed or may overshoot the motor goal

Front 29

Describe Rebound

Back 29

the ability to check the contraction of the flexors and rapidly contract the extensor; dysfunction can result in smooth diadochokinetic movements.

Front 30

Describe Hypotonia

Back 30

This muscle flaccidity will be seen with a decrease in resistance to passive movements. The muscles are flabby and lack tone.

Front 31

Describe Tremor

Back 31

this is an intention or kinetic tremor; not present at rest.

Front 32

Describe Nystagmus

Back 32

oscillatory abnormalities of the pupil of the eye; they may be vertical, horizontal or rotary