Neuro, Test 1, Physio, Etc.

Front 1

Broman showed that BBB function is at the level of the ____.

Back 1

ans: cerebral capillary (NOT the atrocytic end-feet)

Front 2

Reese and Karnovsky and Brightman and Reese showed that intraventricular injections into the CSF stopped at the ____ of the cerebral capillaries.

Back 2

ans: tight junctions of the cerebral capillaries.

Front 3

____ is what creates the BBB.

Back 3

ans: junctional complex. The JC joins endothelial cells together and keeps them completely tight from blood substances.

Front 4

What are the 4 brain barriers?

Back 4

ans: Blood/Brain barrier--> b/t endothelial cells; Blood/CSF--> b/t epithelium (tight ependyma); CSF/Brain--> epithelium (leaky ependyma); Neuronal--> cell membrane b/t XC and intracellular fluid (like all other cells)

Front 5

The blood vessels of these layers have what kind of endothelia? a) dura mater, b) arachnoid mater, c) pia mater.

Back 5

ans: Dura mater: fenestrated endothelium,
Arachnoid and pia: nonfenestrated/ tight junctions.

Front 6

The BBB exists b/t the ___ and ___. It is defined by ____ between endothelial cells.

Back 6

ans: blood and XC fluid. Defined by tight junctional complexes.

Front 7

the Blood/CSF (choroid plexus) are fed by ____capillaries. the CP is a ___ organ.

Back 7

ans: fenestrated. the choroid plexus is a Circumventricular organ.

Front 8

The CP makes the CSF and dumps it into the ____.

Back 8

ans: Ventricular system of the brain.

Front 9

____ are cells that line the ventricular system of the CNS. These cells have tight junctions at ___ region which prevents CSF from going back into the brain.

Back 9

ans: ependyma cells.
TJs at the apical region.

Front 10

The dura has ____ blood vessels which has this characteristic.

Back 10

ans: fenestrated. Allows certain fluids and small proteins to pass.

Front 11

The arachnoid and pia have blood vessels that are ______.

Back 11

ans: Not fenestrated. They have tight junctions that are components of the BBB.

Front 12

The ___ and ___ meninges are bound together.

Back 12

ans: Dura mater and arachnoid mater.

Front 13

Virchow-Roboin:

Back 13

ans: the perivascular space that is bathed in CSF.

Front 14

The basil lamina components (peri-endothelial structures) that surround the endothelial cells and pericytes are:

Back 14

ans; laminin, fibronectin, tenascin, collagens, and proteoglycans.

Front 15

The thin basement membrane of the BBB (the basal lamina) functions:

Back 15

ans: cell attachment, cell migration, barrier to passage of macromolecules.

Front 16

Cell adhesion to the basal lamina involves:

Back 16

ans: integrins.

Front 17

___ regulate endothelial cell proliferation, survival, migration, differentiation, and branching (in the BBB)

Back 17

ans: pericytes. may be derived from microglial cells since they are phagocytic.

Front 18

are pericytes contractile?

Back 18

ans: No.

Front 19

Astrocytes help determine ____ function, influence ____ expression, ___ brain cells, and help guide ___ and ____.

Back 19

ans: BBB function, influence protein expression, nourish brain cells, and help guide where endothelial cells go into brain tissue proper, and neuronal migration in development.

Front 20

___ help guide neuronal migration in development.

Back 20

ans: astrocytes.

Front 21

___ results in a high electrical resistance barrier in the BBB and results in low _____>

Back 21

ans: HIGH physical tight junctions (nonfenestrated) that seals cell to cell contact b/t adjacent cells. LOW: paracellular permeability.

Front 22

In junctions: ____ protein brings opposing cell membranes into contact and regulates proteins (alters paracellular permeability).

Back 22

ans: occludin

Front 23

____ protein forms the primary seal for tight junctions.

Back 23

ans: Claudins. they form dimers that bind homotypically to claudins on adjacent endothelial cells. This is the KEY!!!

Front 24

___ are cytoplasmic proteins that interact w/ occludins to act as recognition proteins for tight junctional placement.

Back 24

ans: Zonula occludens (ZO 1, 2, 3).

Front 25

___ are localized at tight junctions and are members of the Immunoglobulin superfamily.

Back 25

ans: Junctional adhesion molecules. (JAMs) They allow for membrane-membrane interaction.

Front 26

Specialized features important for function of the BBB: 1) greater number of ____, 2) Decrease in ____ thickness, 3) ____ barrier for metabolizing drugs and nutrients, 4) Polarity b/t _____ and ____.

Back 26

ans: 1) mitochondria, 2) capillary wall thickness, 3) enzymatic barrier, 4) luminal (facing blood) and abluminal (touches basal lamina) surfaces.

Front 27

The two major pathways for BBB transport:

Back 27

ans: 1) lipid mediation, 2) Catalyzed transport.

Front 28

The ____ kind of catalyzed transport takes place in msecs.

Back 28

ans: carrier-mediated (facilitated and active transport)

Front 29

the ____ kind of catalyzed transport occurs in minutes.

Back 29

ans: receptor-medicated transporters (for for proteins, transferrin, vit C, DHA (a FA).)

Front 30

___ and ___ are the two components of the Blood/CSF choroid plexus.

Back 30

ans: 1) Fenestrated choroidal capillaries, and 2) tight junctions b/t choroidal ephithelium.

Front 31

The choroid plexus has both ___ and ___ functions.

Back 31

ans: secretory and resorptive.

Front 32

What is the CSF-blood barrier? (what is a property of the ependymal cells?)

Back 32

ans: they are leaky.

Front 33

___ cells line the ___ cavity.

Back 33

ans: ventricular.

Front 34

The CSF-Brain barrier is composed of _____>

Back 34

ans: leaky ependymal wall of ventricles.

Front 35

What does the CSF-Brain barrier allow?

Back 35

ans: free exchange b/t CSF and brain interstitial fluid (ISF) down concentration gradients.

Front 36

What are the circumventricular organs?

Back 36

ans:
Subfornical organ
lamina terminalis
median eminence
pineal gland
area postrema

Front 37

What is the CVO in contact with?

Back 37

ans: the walls of the ventricular system and lined w/ choroid plexus.

Front 38

The CVO is the functional interface b/t the ___ and ____.

Back 38

ans: nervous and endocrine system.

Front 39

CVOs are modified capillaries that allow free exchange b/t ____ and _____ (which is impt. in the ____)

Back 39

ans: blood and extracellular fluid of brain. **Impot for the distribution of hormones in the blood.

Front 40

In the somatosensory system, what are the three things needed for cortical sensation?

Back 40

ans: 1) joint position sense, 2) two point discrimination, 3) vibration sensation.

Front 41

What part of the cortex controls motor?

Back 41

ans: pre-central gyrus where the primary motor system is.

Front 42

Where's the visual system in the cortex? #s assoc. w/?

Back 42

ans: occipital lobe, Primary calcarine visual cortex,
areas 17, 18, 19.

Front 43

auditory system in the cortex?

Back 43

ans: temporal lobes, mesiotemporal,
Middle Temporal Gyrus.

Front 44

Wada test?

Back 44

ans: put a catheter into the internal carotid, inject pentabarb, ask pt. to do language oriented tasks. can tell where lang. resides in brain. Do this before brain surgery to make sure you don't destory language center

Front 45

What do you test for in a mini-mental status exam?

Back 45

ans: Orientation, Registration (repeat apple, ball, chair back), Attention (serial 7s), Calculation, viso-spacial perceptions (intersecting pentagons or draw a clock)

Front 46

what are you checking for when you are checking for aphasia in general?

Back 46

ans: checking language function; the core of cortical localization.

Front 47

Spontaneous speech: check for ___ and ____.

Back 47

ans: proseity (smooth rhythm) and timber (Pitch)

Front 48

someone is monotone, what have they lost?

Back 48

ans: timber. loss of pitch.

Front 49

Examining aphasia: testing for a series of things. what are they?

Back 49

ans: Spontaneous speech, Comprehension (take R hand and touch L ear, etc) Naming (knuckles?), Repetition, Reading/Writing

Front 50

Where is Broca's area?

Back 50

ans: inferior frontal lobe, Broadman's 44, 45

Front 51

Wernicke's area?

Back 51

ans: posterior 1/3 of superior temporal gyrus, Broadmans's 22

Front 52

arcuate fasciculus?

Back 52

ans: white matter tract that connects Broca's w/ Wernicke's area.

Front 53

Paraphasic errors found in Wernicke's:

Back 53

ans: 1) Transliteral substitution: chalk is chank/salk. Close but not right; 2) Word Substitution: call all objects chalk. 3) Neologism: brand new words.

Front 54

What three things are needed to categorize different types of aphasia?

Back 54

ans: fluency, comprehension, repition.

Front 55

what is conduction aphasia and what can the person not do?

Back 55

ans: prob w/ communication b/t Broca and Wernicke's area. Person cannot repeat what you say.

Front 56

Person is awake and looking at you but nothing is coming out of their mouth. what is wrong?

Back 56

ans: global aphasia

Front 57

Transcortical sensory aphasia?

Back 57

ans: like a pt. w/ wernicke's aphasia but CAN repeat--fluent and can repeat (but cannot comprehend)

Front 58

Transcortical motor aphasia?

Back 58

ans: a subcortical type of Broca's aphasia--can comprehend, can repeat, but NOT fluent.

Front 59

Isolation of speech area aphasia:

Back 59

ans: is very rare---(+) repeat everything you say but (-) fluent, and (-) comprehend.

Front 60

Transitive apraxia:

Back 60

ans: lose ability to use tools
often in alzheimer's patients

Front 61

Intransitive apraxia:

Back 61

ans: lose ability to use a gesture w/ the right meaning.

Front 62

BA: 4

Back 62

Location: Frontal lobe, precentral gyrus, anterior paracentral lobule
Other: Primary motor area

Front 63

BA: 6

Back 63

Location: Superior and middle frontal gyri, precentral gyrus

Front 64

Dressing apraxia:

Back 64

ans: putting clothes on in the right order and in the right place. (Demented pts. have this).

Front 65

Constructional apraxia:

Back 65

ans: an overlap of visual space. make a pattern and pt. can't copy the pattern. it involves vision and memory and movement.

Front 66

Agnosia:

Back 66

ans: lack of knowledge. like lack of knowledge of illness. Why is that arm attached to me?

Front 67

Apraxias usually involve the ____ hemisphere.

Back 67

ans: Non-dominant.

Front 68

Aprosopagnosia:

Back 68

ans: Inability to recognize faces. (The man who mistoook his wife for a hat.)

Front 69

Neglect of body parts, areas, etc:

Back 69

ans: ?

Front 70

Asomatagnosia:

Back 70

ans: loss of knowledge of body parts. (the stroke pt. doesn't know that the arm is his.)

Front 71

Asimultagnosia:

Back 71

ans: pt. can't put the whole scene together of the

Front 72

trouble saying: no if's, ands, or buts:

Back 72

ans: Broca's Aphasia

Front 73

What is Von-Gerstmann Syndrome?

Back 73

ans: impt. type of agnosia. Has 4 components: 1) Acalculia, 2) finger agnosia, 3) Right-left confusion, 4) Can't write.

Front 74

Acalculia, finger agnosia, Right-left confusion, Can't write. What does the person have?

Back 74

ans: von-Gerstmann's syndrome.

Front 75

Where is immediate memory in the brain?

Back 75

ans: in the hippocampus and mesio-temporal structures.

Front 76

BA: 44, 45

Back 76

ans: inferior frontal gyrus (opercular and triangular parts), Broca's area

Front 77

BA: 3, 2, 1

Back 77

ans:
Location: Postcentral gyrus, posterior paracentral lobule.
Primary somatosensory area

Front 78

BA: 5, 7

Back 78

ans:
Location: Superior parietal lobe.
Somatosensory association area.

Front 79

BA: 39

Back 79

ans:
Location: Inferior parietal lobule.
angular gyrus

Front 80

BA: 40

Back 80

ans:
Location: Inferior parietal lobule.
Supramarginal gyrus

Front 81

BA: 17

Back 81

ans:
Location: Banks of calcarine sulcus;
Primary visual area

Front 82

BA: 18, 19

Back 82

ans:
Location: surrounding 17.
Visual association areas.

Front 83

BA: 41

Back 83

ans:
Location: Transverse temporal gyri.
Primary auditory area

Front 84

BA: 42

Back 84

ans:
Location: Transverse temporal gyri.
Auditory association area

Front 85

BA: 22

Back 85

ans:
Location: Superior temporal gyrus.
Auditory association area, posterior portion (on left)= Wernicke's area.

Front 86

Commissural Fibers connect ____.

Back 86

ans: Left and Right hemispheres.

Front 87

Association fibers connect ____.

Back 87

ans: connect regions of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere.