Neuro Terms

Front 1

Akinesia

Back 1

The inability to initiate movement. Commonly seen in Pts with Parkinsons

Front 2

Asthenia

Back 2

Generalized weakness, typically secondary to cerebellar pathology

Front 3

Ataxia

Back 3

Inability to perform coordinated movements

Front 4

Athetosis

Back 4

Condition that presents with involuntary movements combined with instability of posture. Peripheral movements occur without central stability. Basal ganglia pathology

Front 5

Bradykinesia

Back 5

Movement that is very slow

Front 6

Chorea

Back 6

Movements that are sudden, random and involuntary (Huntingtons)

Front 7

Clasp-knife response

Back 7

Form of resistance seen during range of motion of a hypertonic joint where there is greatest resistance at the initiation of the movement through the ROM.

Front 8

Clonus

Back 8

Characteristic of an UMNL. Involuntary alternating spasmodic contraction of a muscle precipitated by a quick stretch reflex.

Front 9

Cogwheel rigidity

Back 9

Form of rigidity where resistance to movement has a phasic quality to it

Front 10

Dysdiadochokinesia

Back 10

Inability to perform rapidly alternating movements

Front 11

Dysmetria

Back 11

Inability to control the ROM and the force of muscular activity

Front 12

Dystonia

Back 12

Closely related to athetosis, however, there is larger axial muscle involvement rather than appendicular muscles

- Sustained muscle contraction.

(Parkinsons, CP, encephalitis)

Front 13

Fasciculation

Back 13

Muscular twitch that is caused by random discharge of a lower motor neuron and it's muscle fibers. It suggest LMNL, however can be benign.

Front 14

Hemiballism

Back 14

Involuntary and violent movement of a large body part

Front 15

Kinesthesia

Back 15

Ability to perceive the direction and extent of the movement of a joint or body part

Front 16

Lead Pipe Rigidity

Back 16

Form of rigidity where there is uniform and constant resistance to ROM. Often associated with lesions of the basal ganglia

Front 17

Rigidity

Back 17

State of severe hypertonicity where a sustained muscle contraction does not allow for any movement of a specific joint

Front 18

Tremor

Back 18

Involuntary, rhythmic, oscillatory movements secondary to basal ganglia lesion.

- Resting: Observable at rest, may/may not disappear with movement. (Parkinsons)

- Postural: Observable during voluntary contraction to maintain posture. (Hyperthyroidism)

- Intention: Absent at rest but observable with activity and increase as target approaches. (MS)

Front 19

Tics

Back 19

Sudden, brief, repetitive coordinated movements that will occur at regular intervals. (Tourette syndrome)

Front 20

Allodynia

Back 20

Sensation of pain in response to a stimuli that is not painful

Front 21

Analgesia

Back 21

Absence of pain while remaining consciousness

Front 22

Anesthesia

Back 22

Absence of touch sensation

Front 23

Causalgia

Back 23

Constant, relentless, burning hyperesthesia and hyperalgesia that develops after a peripheral nerve injury

Front 24

Dysesthesia

Back 24

Distortion of any of the senses, especially the sense of touch

Front 25

Hyperesthesia

Back 25

Heightened sensation

Front 26

Hyperpathia

Back 26

an extreme exaggerated response to pain

Front 27

Hypesthesia

Back 27

diminished sensation to touch

Front 28

Neuraligia

Back 28

severe and multiple shock-like pains that radiate from a specific nerve distribution

Front 29

Pallanesthesia

Back 29

Loss of vibration sensation

Front 30

Paresthesia

Back 30

Abnormal sensations such as tingling, pins and needles or burning sensations.

Front 31

Intrinsic (inherent) feedback

Back 31

All feedback that comes to the person through sensory systems. Ex: visual, vestibular, proprioceptive and somatosensory

Front 32

Extrinsic (augmented) feedback

Back 32

Information that can be provided while a task or movement is in progress or subsequent to the movement. Ex: Verbal feedback or manual cues

Front 33

Knowledge of Results

Back 33

Terminal feedback regarding the outcome of a movement that has been performed in relation to the movement goals

Front 34

Knowledge of Performance

Back 34

Relates to the actual movement pattern that someone used to achieve their goal of movement

Front 35

Massed Practice

Back 35

Practice time in trail is greater than the amount of rest

Front 36

Distributed Practice

Back 36

Amount of rest time between trials is equal to or is greater than the amount of practice time for each trial. Rest>practice

Front 37

Constant Practice

Back 37

Practice of a given task under a uniform condition

Front 38

Variable Practice

Back 38

Practice of a given task under different conditions

Front 39

Random Practice

Back 39

Varying practice among different tasks

Front 40

Blocked Practice

Back 40

Consistent practice of a single task

Front 41

Whole Training

Back 41

Practice of an entire task

Front 42

Part Training

Back 42

Practice of an individual component or selected components of a task

Front 43

Closed System Model

Back 43

Transfer of information that incorporates multiple feedback loops and larger distribution of control. Nervous system able to initiate movement in this model as opposed to solely "reacting" to stimuli

Front 44

Compensation

Back 44

Ability to utilize alternate motor and sensory strategies due to an an impairment that limits the normal completion of a task

Front 45

Habituation

Back 45

Decrease in response that will occur as a result of consistent exposure to non-painful stimulus

Front 46

Learning (Non-associative)

Back 46

Singled repeated stimulus (Habituation, sensitization)

Front 47

Learning (Associative)

Back 47

Gaining understanding of the relationship between two stimuli. (Classical conditioning, operant conditioning)

Front 48

Learning (Procedural)

Back 48

Learning tasks that can be performed without attention or concentration to the task. (developing a habit through repetitive practice)

Front 49

Learning (Declarative)

Back 49

Requires attention, awareness and reflection in order to attain knowledge that can be consciously recalled. (studying)

Front 50

Motor Learning

Back 50

Ability to perform a movement as a result of internal processes that interact with the environment.

Front 51

Motor Program

Back 51

Concept of central motor pattern that can be activated by sensory stimuli or central processes.

Front 52

Open System Model

Back 52

Single transfer of information without any feedback loop

Front 53

Performance

Back 53

Temporary change in motor behavior seen during a particular session of practice with only one variable as the focus act of learning. Not an absolute measure of learning since that are multiple variables that potentially affect performance.

Front 54

Plasticity

Back 54

Ability to modify or change at the synapse level either temporarily or permanently in order to perform a particular function

Front 55

Postural Control

Back 55

Ability of motor and sensory systems to stabilize position and control movement

Front 56

Recovery

Back 56

Ability to utilize previous strategies to return to the same level of functioning

Front 57

Sensitization

Back 57

Increase in response that will occur as a result of a noxious stimuli

Front 58

Strategy

Back 58

Plan used to produce a specific result or outcome that will influence the structure or system

Front 59

Associated Reaction

Back 59

Involuntary and automatic movement of a body part as a result of an intentional active or resistive movement in another body part

Front 60

Homolateral synkinesis

Back 60

Flexion pattern of the involved upper extremity facilitates flexion of the involved lower extremity

Front 61

Limb synergies

Back 61

Group of muscles that produce a predictable pattern of movement in flexion or extension patterns

Front 62

Raimiste's Phenomenon

Back 62

Involved LE will abduct or adduct with applied resistance to the uninvolved LE in the same direction

Front 63

Souques' Phenomenon

Back 63

Raising the involved UE above 100 degrees with elbow extension will produce extension and abduction of the fingers

Front 64

Agnosia

Back 64

Inability to interpret information

Front 65

Agraphesthesia

Back 65

Inability to recognize symbols, letters or numbers traced on the skin

Front 66

Agraphia

Back 66

Inability to write due to a lesion within the brain. Typically found in combination with aphasia

Front 67

Alexia

Back 67

Inability to read or comprehend written language secondary to a lesion within the dominant lobe of brain

Front 68

Anosognosia

Back 68

Denial or unawareness of one's illness. Often associated with unilateral neglect

Front 69

Aphasia

Back 69

Inability to communicate or comprehend due to damage to specific areas of the brain

Front 70

Apraxia

Back 70

Inability to perform purposeful learned movements or activities even though there is no sensory or motor impairment

Front 71

Astereognosis

Back 71

Inability to recognize objects by sense of touch

Front 72

Body Schema

Back 72

Having an understanding of the body as a whole and the relationship of its parts to the whole

Front 73

Constructional Apraxia

Back 73

Inability to reproduce geometric figures and designs

Front 74

Decerebrate Rigidity

Back 74

Characteristic of corticospinal lesion at the brainstem level that results in extension of trunk and both UEs and LEs.

Front 75

Decorticate Rigidity

Back 75

Characteristic of corticospinal lesion at the level of the diencephalon where the trunk and LEs are in extension and the UEs are in flexion

Front 76

Diplopia

Back 76

Double vision

Front 77

Dysarthria

Back 77

Slurred and impaired speech due to a motor deficit of the tongue or other muscles essential for speech

Front 78

Dysphagia

Back 78

Inability to properly swallow

Front 79

Dysprosody

Back 79

Impairment in rhythm and inflection of speech

Front 80

Emotional Lability

Back 80

Right hemisphere infarct. Inability to control emotions and outbursts.

Front 81

Fluent Aphasia

Back 81

Receptive aphasia where speech produces functional output regarding articulation, but lacks content and is typically dysprosodic using neologistic jargon

Front 82

Hemiparesis

Back 82

Condition of weakness on one side of body

Front 83

Hemiplegia

Back 83

Condition of paralysis on one side of body

Front 84

Homonymous Hemianopsia

Back 84

Loos of the right or left half of the field of vision in both eyes

Front 85

Ideational Apraxia

Back 85

Inability to formulate an initial motor plan and sequence tasks

Front 86

Ideomotor apraxia

Back 86

Person plans a movement or task but cannot perform it. However, the movement can occur automatically without conscious thought.

Front 87

Neologism

Back 87

Substitution within a word that is so severe that is makes the word unrecognizable

Front 88

Non-fluent Aphasia

Back 88

Expressive aphasia where speech is non-functional, effortful and contains paraphasias. Writing is also impaired

Front 89

Perseveration

Back 89

State of repeatedly performing the same segment of a task or saying the same word without purpose

Front 90

Synergy

Back 90

Mass movement patterns that are primitive in nature and coupled with spasticity due to brain damage.

Front 91

Unilateral Neglect

Back 91

Inability to interpret stimuli and events on the contralateral side of a hemispheric lesion. Left-sided neglect is most common with a lesion to the R.