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187 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What organelle is prominent in nuerons?
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Nucleolus
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What is the response to injury by astrocytes called?
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Reactive Gliosis
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What ion are astrocytes responsible for maintaining?
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Potassium
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What is the marker for astrocytes?
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Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)
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How do microglia change when the brain is HIV infected?
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Form Multinucleated Giant Cells
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In response to tissue damage, what do microglia turn into?
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Large Ameboid Phagocytic cells (bak to da roots)
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How do microglial cells vary from neurons staining wise?
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They do not Nissl Stain well
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How does nucleus size and cytoplasm content differ in microglial cells?
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They are both smaller
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What cells are destroyed in the CNS in Multiple Sclerosis?
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The Oligodendrocytes
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What is the ratio of oligodendrocytes to neurons it can wrap?
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1:30 or so
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What do oligodendrocytes, seminomas, mycoplasma colonies all share in common?
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Fried Egg Appearance
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What time of tumor can a Schwan cell result in?
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Acoustic neuroma
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Where are Acoustic neuromas mostly found?
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Internal Acoustic Meatus
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Which syndrome is characterized by the destruction of Schwann Cells?
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Guillan Barre
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What kind of corpuscles are involved in fine touch (fast adapting)?
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Meissner's
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What kind of skin are Meissner's corpuscles located in and where are they?
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Glabrous (hairless), In the dermal papillae
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What kinds of corpuscles are located in deep (subcutaneous) skin?
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Pacinian corpuscles
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What kinds of Corpuscles are located in ligaments and tendons?
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Pacinian corpuscles
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What kinds of corpuscles pick up on vibration and pressure?
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Pacinian corpuscles
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What types of corpuscles can be found in the dermal papillae or hair follicles
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Merkel's endings
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What kind of corpuscle picks up info about static touch and why?
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Merkel's endings, cuz they are slow-adapting
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What do free nerve endings sense
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pain and Temperature
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What do free nerve endings transmit to?
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A delta and C fibers…C fibers are slow, A-delta are fast
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What layer surrounds a nerve fasicle and whats the clinical relevance?
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Perineurium must be reattached in limb reattachement microsurgery
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Where in the brain is norepinephrine created?
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Locus Cereleus- dorsal pons
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Where in the brain is dopamine made?
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Ventral tegmental Area (midbrain) and Substantia Nigra
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Where in the brain is Ach made?
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Basal Nucleus of Meynert
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Where is GABA made in the brian?
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Nucleus Accumbens (part of striatum- reward center)
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What happens to Norepi in anxiety?
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Goes up
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What happens to 5-HT in anxiety?
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Goes down
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What neurotransmitters are offset in depression?
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Norepi-down, Serotonin- down, Dopamine- Down
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What Neurotransmitter is affected in Schizophrenia?
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Dopamine goes up
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Which neurotransmitter is affected in Parkinsons?
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Dopamine goes down
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Which two neurotransmitters are affected in Huntingtons?
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Ach and Gaba both go down
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What neurotransmitter is affected in Alzehimers?
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Ach goes down
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What two substances cross the blood brain barrier?
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Glucose and Amino Acids
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What type of stuff can cross the BBB?
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Nonpolar
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Name 3 specialized brain areas with no BBB?
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Area Posterma, OVLT, Neurohypophysis
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What does infarction do the the tight junctions of BBB?
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Destroys them causing Vasogenic Edema
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What does the lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus do?
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Stimulates eating- destruction causes anorexia
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What nucleus of the hypothalmus makes you eat less?
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Venteromedial (Destruction causes you to get fat)
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What area of the hypothalmus controls parasympathetisc?
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Anterior- (not Posterior- Tricky bastards)
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Circadian Rhythms are made by which hypothalamic nucleus?
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Suprachiasmatic nucleus- sleep makes you charismatic
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Which hypothalamic nuclei are for heating and cooling the body/
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Posterior-heating Cool-ANTerior (post-heating Coolant)
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Which area of the hypothalmus is realted to sex urges and is stimulated by testosterone during development?
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Medial Pre-optic nuclei.
(I was Horny before I could see) |
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How does leptin affect the hypothalamus?
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Stimualtes Ventromedial and inhibits Lateral
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What inputs from areas with no BBB go to Hypothalamus?
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OVLT and Area postrema
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Where does the sleep center nucleus receive inputs from
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Retina- Suprachiasmatic
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What do the Paraventricular and supraoptic nuclie make?
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ADH and oxytocin- destruction= D.I.
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What area of the hypotalamus helps to block the pituitary from making too much prolactin?
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Arcuate nucleus- dopamine (also releasting factors)
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What area of the hypothalmus, when damaged, leads to Wernickes Encephalopathy?
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mamillary bodies (Dorsomedial thalamus, midbrain Tegmentum)
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What is Wernike's Encephalopathy?
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Ataxia, Oculomotor palsy, and Mental Confusion due to thaimine deficiency
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What is the main function of the thalamus?
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Relay for ascending Sensory to go to Cortex.
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Where does the Anterior Nucleus of the thalmaus get its info?
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Mamillothalamic tract from mamillary bodies
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Where does info from the anterior Nucleus of the thalamus go?
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Cingulate gyrus
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What are the Lateral and Medial Geniculate Nuclei sposed to do?
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Lateral=light, Medial=Music
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Where does the Lateral Genicualte Body get its info from?
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Contralateral Nasal retina, and ipsilateral temporal retina
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Where does the Lateral Geniculate Body send its info?
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Primary Visual Cortex via the Pulvinar
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Where does the Medial Geniculate body get its info?
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Brachium of Inferior Colliculus
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Where does proprioception, pain and temp from the body go in the thalamus?
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Ventral Posteiror lateral nucleus (Makeup for the face)
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Where does (Ipsilateral info) spinal trigeminal and Taste info go in thalmus?
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Ventral Posterior Medial Nucleus (Taste makeup for the face)
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Which two thalamic nuclei relay info from G.Pall and S. Nigra to the cortex?
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Ventral Anterior, and Ventral Lateral
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Which Thalamic nuclei gets Cerebellar (Dentate) info and actually sends to the motor cortex?
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Ventral Lateral- "LATs are muscles, Ants are not"
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What does destruction of the Pulvinar lead to?
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Sensory Dysphasia
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What does destruction of the dorsomedial thalamic nucleus do?
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Important in Limbic System (behavior/memory)
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Where is the internal capsule located and how many parts does it have?
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3 parts, between caudate/thalamus and lenticular nucleus
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What tract is in the anterior limb of internal capsule?
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Anterior Thalamic to Cingulate Gyrus
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What is in the genu of the internal capsule?
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Corticobulbar tract- Motor for head and neck (5, 7, 9, 10, 11, and 12)
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What is in the posterior of the internal capsule?
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Corticospinal and Sensory
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What blood does the anterior internal capsule get?
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Medial Striate and Lenticulostriate (lateral striate)
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What blood does the genu of internal capsule get?
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Internal carotid
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What blood does the posteior of the internal capsule get?
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anterior choroidal with some lenticulostriate from MCA
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What does bilateral lesions of the amygdala lead to?
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Kluver-Bucy Sydrome
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What is Kluver Bucy syndrome?
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Hypersexual, Hungry, and Psychicly Blind
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What is the Papez Circuit?
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hippocampu to mamilary to ant. Nucleus to cingulate to enterohinal to hippocampus
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How many parts does the hippocampus have?
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3. Dentate, cornu Ammonis, and the Subiculum
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What is the hippocampus blood supply?
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PCA and Antetior Choroidal ( same as thalamus)
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What part of the brain is most epileptogenic?
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Hippocampus- Sommers sector- very sensitive to ischemia
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What is a cingulectomy used for?
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Depression and Severe Anxiety disorders
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What areas of the brain does amygdala have strong connections with?
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Olfactory cortex, Sensory, Hypothalamus, Septal Area
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What are the amygdaloid pathways out?
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Stria Terminalis, and VAFP
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What are the Midbrain connections of the limbic?
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Locus Cereleus, Raphe nucleus, and Ventral Tegmental Area
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Amnesia is usually caused by what?
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Bilateral Lesions of Hippocampus
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Which peduncle is output for the cerebellum?
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Superior
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Where does the main info leaving the cerebellum start?
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Purkinje cells of the cortex
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What kind of neurotransmitter do the purkinje cells release?
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GABA
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What does the Gaba-ergic Purkinje cell inhibit?
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Dentate Nucleus of the Deep Cerebellum
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Where does the Dentate Nucleus send info?
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The Ventral Lateral nucleus of the Thalamus, via the Dentothalamic tract
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Where does the Ventral Lateral Thalamic info get sent?
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To the Motor Cortex
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What motor cortex nueron sends info to the cerebellum?
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Corticopontine Nuerons
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What peduncle does the motor cortex input go into the cerebellum on?
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Middle Peduncle
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Does the middle peduncle carry ipsilateral or contralateral info?
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Contralateral
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What cells are stimulated by the pontocerebellar tract?
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Mossy fibers which stimulate Granule Cells
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What cells do Granule Cells stimulate and with what neurotransmitter?
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Purkinje cells of the cortex via Glutamate
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What do Golgi cells do in the cerbellum?
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Inhibit
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What are the 3 layers of the cerebellar Cortex?
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Molecular layer, Purkinje Layer, and Granule Layer
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What cells are in the Molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex?
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Purkinje dendrites, Basket cells, Stellate cells
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Which layer are the golgi cells in?
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Granule layer
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What are the only two input cells into the cerebellum?
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Mossy Fibers (granule cells) and Climbing Fibers
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Where do the climbing fibers originate?
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Contralateral Olivary Nucleus
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Where do climibing fibers end?
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cerebellar nuclei, and Purkinjes (via Aspartate)
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What is carried on the inferior cerebellar Peduncle?
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Ipsilateral Spinocereballar and Pontocerebellar
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What are the nuclei of the cerebellum, lateral to medial?
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Dentate, Eboliform, Globose, and Fastigial
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What is the lateral Cerebellum in charge of?
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Voluntary motor
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What is the medial cerebellum responsible for?
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Posture, balance, and Coordination
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What does damage to the medial cerebellum cause?
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Fall to ipsilateral side
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What are the signs of cerebellar damage?
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Hypotonia, Loss of balance, loss of coordinated muscle activity
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What is the red nucleus?
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Recieves info from contralateral Cerbellum and generates the rubrospinal tract
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What does the extrapyrmidal system/basal ganglia do?
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Initiates and Executes Voluntary movement
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What system starts of the basal ganglia pathway?
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Substantia Nigra- pars compacta releases Dopamine
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What receptor does the direct pathway use?
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D1 (D1rect)
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What receptor does the indirect pathway use?
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D2
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Where are the receptors for Dopamine from the Substatia Nigra located?
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On the Striatum
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What does the Striatum release?
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GABA (Ach also promotes Gaba release)
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What is the first thing after Striatum in the Direct pathway?
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Globus Pallidus internus and Substantia Nigra- pars reticulata
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What does GpI do in either pathway?
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Inhibit the thalamus
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How does the direct pathway activate the thalamus?
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Inhibits the GpI
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What does the indirect pathway do?
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Inhibits the inhibitor of the activator of the inhibitror(GpI)
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What are the components of the Indirect pathway?
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GpE, Subthalamic Nucleus, and GpI
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What is the only activator of the pathways from the striatum to the Thalamus?
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Subthalamic Nucleus (activates the GpI)
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What nucleus in the thalamus is activated by the Direct and Indirect pathways?
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Centromedian Nucleus
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How does the Basal Ganglia modulate movement?
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Provides negative feedback to the Cortex
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What are the symptoms of Parkinson's?
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TRAP- Tremor, Cogwheel Rigidity, Akinesia, and Postural instability
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What is the cause of Parkinson's?
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Loss of Dopaminergic neurons in the Sub. Nigra p compacta
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What changes can be found in the S nigra in Parksinsons?
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Lewy bodies and loss of pigmentation
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What are Lewy bodies composed of?
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Alpha-Synnuclein
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What elicit drug cutting agent can lead to parkinsons?
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MPTP (mepiridine analog)
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What is hemiballismus?
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Flailing of one arm (maybe a leg)
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What is hemiballismus indicate?
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Contralateral lesion of Subthalamic Nucleus
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What are lesions to the subthalamic nucleus caused by?
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Lacunar infarcts (HTN induced) of a penetrating artery
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Why does an infarct of Subthalamic nucleus cause hemiballismus?
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You cant activate GPI anymore to inhibit thalamus
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What chromosome is huntingtons on?
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4
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What is the inhertiance of Huntingtons?
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Auto-dom
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What is the genetic feature of Huntingtons?
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CAG repeats (Expansion)
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What is the pathogenesis of Huntingtons?
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Neurons die due to glutamate toxicity via NMDA-R binding
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What happens to a particular brain structure in Huntingtons?
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Caudatate nucleus is atrophied, and Ventricles are enlarged
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What Sx are assocated with Huntingtons?
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Chorea, Depression, and Dementia
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What is Chorea?
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Sudden, Jerky movements characteristic of Basal Ganglia lesion
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What is Athetosis?
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Slow, writhing movements of fingers
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What is Dystonia?
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Sustained involuntary muscle contractions
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What effect does alcohol have on essential tremors?
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Calms them
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What tremor is associated with cerebellar dysfunction?
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Intetion Tremor
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What is essential tremor?
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Action Tremor that worsens when holding posture
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How is essential tremor inherited?
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Dominantly
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What lessens essential tremor?
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Alcohol
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How Is essential tremor treated?
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Beta Blockers
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Where is Resting tremor most noticeable on the limb?
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Distally
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Which tremor is seen in Parkinson's?
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Resting = Pill Rolling Tremor
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How are Wernickes and Broca's Areas connected?
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Arcuate Fasiculus
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What can damage to the frontal eye fields result in?
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eyes look to that lesion
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What does damage to the motor cortex cause?
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Contralateral spastic paresis
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What test can be used to check for frontol lobe lesions of the Corticospinal tract?
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Pronator Drift Test
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What is Astereognosis?
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Inability to percieve things by feeling them
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What is Hemihypesthesia?
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Loss of sensory perception on one side
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What is finger Agnosia?
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can tell fingers apart when asked to move one particular one
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What is contsruction apraxia?
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Neglect of contralateral side of drawing
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What is dysgraphia?
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Inability to write
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What is dressing apraxia?
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can put clothes on
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What is Anosognosia?
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Unaware of illness
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What lesion can cause dysgraphia, dyscalculia, right left confusion, and finger agnosia?
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Gerstman syndrome- inferior parietal lobule of dominant hemishpre
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What happens if one of the primary auditory cortexes in the temporal lobe is lost?
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Slight hearing loss- bilateral to go deaf
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What happens if the Right Meyer's Loop is lost?
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Contralateral upper Quandrantopia (Meyer's pie in the sky)
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What lobe lesion causes Contralateral upper Quadrantopia?
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Temporal -Meyers- Contralateral pie in the Sky
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What is alexia?
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Inability to read
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Which hemisphere is normally dominant?
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Left
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Which hemisphere is best at vocal naming?
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Dominant
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Which hemisphere is best at pointing to stimuli?
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Non-Dominant
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What causes split Brain Syndrome?
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Corpus Callosum transection
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How is cerebral dominance determined?
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Wada test- Amobarbital is put into carotid. If aphasia, that side is the dominant
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What does a lesion to arcuate Fasiculus do?
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Conduction Aphasia - Causes problems in repetition, with good comprehension and fluency
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What does a lesion to the Reticular Activating System(midbrain) do?
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Coma- Reduced arousal and wakefullness
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What does intention tremor and limb ataxia indicate a lesion in?
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Ipsilateral Cerebellar Hemispheres (hemishperes are lateral, limbs are lateral) -
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Truncal ataxia indicates a lesion in….
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Cerebellar Vermis
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In a lesion of the paramedian pontine reticular formation, the eyes look which way from the lesion?
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Away from the lesion
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Dysarthria may indicate a lesion in which part of the cerebellum…
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Vermis
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What does the recurrent laryngeal nerve innervate?
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All of larynx except Cricothyroid
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What branchial arch does recurrent laryngeal nerve innervate?
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Arch 6
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What can very rapid correction of Hyponatremia cause?
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Central Pontine Myelinolysis
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