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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
muscle biopsy
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Polymyositis
ENDOMYSIAL inflammation with CD8+ Tcells |
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muscle biopsy
what to worry about? |
Dermatomyositis
PERIMYSIAL inflammation with CD4+ Tcells also has perfascicular atrophy 40% associated with paraneoplastic syndrome! |
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muscle biopsy
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inclusion body myositis
~ polymyositis in many ways |
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Major difference between myositis and muscular dystrophies?
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In muscular dystrophy, inflammation is associated with NECROTIC FIBERS
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Muscle biopsy
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Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Endo & perimysial fibrosis Atrophy & hypertrophy = size var Necrotic fibers “Hyaline fibers”: large, dark, glassy Increased internal nuc |
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Muscle biopsy
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Ragged red fibers of mitochondrial myopathy
MERRF (myoclonus epilepsy with RR fibers) MELAS (mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis & stroke) Kearns-Sayre syndrome |
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ALS findings
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loss of motor neurons in the ANTERIOR HORN cells and lateral / corticospinal tracts
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Brain findings in HSV1 vs HSV2
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HSV1: encephalitis, Bilateral hemorrhages temporal horn
HSV2: meningitis, less severe |
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#1 tumor with long term epilepsy
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ganglioglioma
+ synapto, CD34 |
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Drug-resistant partial seizures
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Desmoplastic neuroepithelial tumor
“neurons float ina background of oligodendrocytes” hallmark = “specific glioneuronal element” columns oriented perpendicularly to ctx surface; bundles of axons lined by oligo; neurons float between in pink cyt |
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B12 deficiency
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degeneration of the dorsal/ posterior and lateral columns = ascending sensory tracts
pins and needles, wide based gait, Romberg sign, loss of proprioception |
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Tabes dorsalis
syphilis |
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schwannomas vs meningiomas in
NF1? NF2? |
NF1 - SPINAL schwannomas
NF2 - Bilateral acoustic schwannomas - Meningiomas |
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Acute Wernicke's
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spongy change, vascular hyperplasia, hemorrhage into mamillary bodies, dorsal thalamus, hypothalamus, periaqueductal grey
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SEGA is associated with what syndrome
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TS
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Genes associated with:
Medulloblastoma GBM astrocytoma oligodendroglioma |
Medulloblastoma: Patched
GBM: EGFR astrocytoma: p53 oligo: LOH 1p, 19q |
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Sx of Lewy body disease?
protein? Location? |
slowly progressive dementia, visual hallucination, cogwheel rigidity, stooped posture
alpha-synuclein! Substantia nigra AND cortex |
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Sx of Pick's Dz?
protein? pathology? |
Frontotemporal dementia: Speech aphasia, Behavioral changes, Pacing
Tau & ubiquitin Found in dentate, amygdala, septal nuclei |
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AVm vs cavernous hemangioma
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AVM has intervening brain
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Subdural hematoma
Epidural hematoma |
Rupture of bridging veins (head trauma or rapid accel /decel)
MMA rupture |
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cause?
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Duret hemorrhage of the pons, as a result of acute uncal herniation
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Arnold Chiari malformation
downward displacement of the cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum sometimes causing non-communicating hydrocephalus as a result of obstr CSF |
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Types of Arnold Chiari malformation
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1: Congenital. Headache, Neck Pain, Unsteady gait usually during childhood
2: lumbar myelomeningocele. Paralysis below the spinal defect 3: occipital encephalocele; Syringomyelia and tethered cord as well as hydrocephalus; Causes abundant neurological deficits 4: lack of cerebellar development. incompatible with life |
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syndromes assoc with chiari malformation
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Ehlers Danlos
Marfan |
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Gross findings in chiari malformation
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Hydrocephalus
Tonsillar herniation Compression of aqueduct "beaking" deformity dorsal midbrain |
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When do you see Alzheimer type 2 astrocytes in the brain?
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Liver disease! NOT alzheimer's!
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Findings in chronic Wernicke's disease (thiamine deficiency)
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Atrophy of mamillary bodies, hypothalamus, anterior thalamic nucleus
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Brain in Wilson's disease
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degeneration basal ganglia
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Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
PERIVENULAR DEMYELINATION - postviral or post-vaccine |
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Cryptococcus usually shows _____ inflammation in the brain
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very little
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Rabies infects:
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hippocampal pyramidal cells, neurons of the cerebral cortex, Purkinje cells
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An active lesion in MS has?
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Macrophages
(lymphs too but they are also seen in chronic) |
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central pontine myelinolysis
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too rapid correction of HYPOnatremia
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#1 tumor in sells turcica in kid?
adult? |
craniopharyngioma
pituitary adenoma |
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IHC choroid plexus carcinoma
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TRANSTHYRETIN!!
cytokeratin, S100 and occasionally GFAP KIDS |