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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When does the CNS reach development of their full number of neurons?
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25th week of gestation
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The mature cortex contains ___-___ billion cells, primarly _______ cells that continue to develop after birth.
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50-100 billion cells, neuroglial cells
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When do dendrites begin to develop?
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Dendrites of the neuronal begin to develop a few months before birth and are primitive at birth.
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When do dendritic proceses develop on each cortical neuron to establish the amazing number of connections each nerve cell makes with other neurons.
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During the first year of life
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What is the average number of connections that one cell makes?
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1,000-10,000
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What do primary germ layer give rise to?
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Primary germ layers give rise to tissues and organs
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When do primary germ layers begin to form?
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beginning of 3rd week
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What are the primary germ layers?
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1) Ectoderm
2) Mesoderm 3) Endoderm |
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What does the Ectoderm give rise to?
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-Epidermis
-Nervous system |
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What does the Mesoderm give rise to?
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-Muscle
-Connective tissue -Nervous system -Blood vessels |
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What does the endoderm give rise to?
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-Linings of the digestive and respiratory tracts
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What does the neural crest cells develop into?
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-Sensory neurons of spinal ganglia
-Some cranial nerves -Postganglionic neurons within autonomic NS -Schwann cells and satellite cells of the PNS |
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What cells are pinched off as the neural tube closes?
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Neural crest cells
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What develops into virtually the entire CNS?
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Neural Tube
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The ____ ___ becomes the ventricular system in the brain
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Neural tube
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Telencephalon becomes:
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-Cerebral hemispheres
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DIencephalon becomes:
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-Thalamus
-Hypothalamus -Retina -Others... |
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Metencephalon becomes:
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-Pons
-Cerebellum |
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Myelencephalon becomes:
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Medulla
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The spinral cord extends the entire length of the developing vertebral column until the ___ _____ of development.
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3rd month of development
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What elongates at a more rapid rate than the spinal cord?
This also makes the spinal cord shorter than the vertebral column. |
Vertebral column
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At birth, the end of the cord _____ _____, is located at the level of the ____rd lumbar vertebra
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Conus medullaris, 3rd lumbar vertebra
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What is the location of the conus medullaris in the adult?
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between the 1st and 2nd vertebrae
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What is the elongated bundle of nerve fibers called?
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Cauda equinus
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At what time does the dorsal (sensory) and ventral (motor) roots of the spinal cord extend laterally from the spinal cord and unite in the intervertebral foramine to form the spinal nerves?
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3rd month of development
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What is the difference in the brain between early bilinguals (before 5 years)?
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There's more gray matter volume in the left and right IPL in early bilinguals.
-compared to monolinguals -compared to late bilinguals |
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When does white matter development continue until?
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Continues well onto one's 30s
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What is found in the brain in dyslexic individuals?
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-Increased activation in certain brain regions after behavioral remediation in dyslexia
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Name the three primary vesicles
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1) Prosencephalon (forebrain)
2) Mesencephalon (midbrain) 3) Rhombencephalon (hindbrain) |
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When do the three bulges/vesicles arise?
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4th week
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What arises from the three primary vesicles?
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1) Prosencephalon: cerebrum
2) Mesencephalon: midbrain of adult brainstem 3) Rhombencephalon: rest of brainstem and cerebellum |
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What are the two bends/ flexures associated with primary vesicles/neural tube?
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1) Cervical flexure: between rhombencephalon and spinal cord (straightens out later)
2) Cephalic/ Mesencephalic flexure: level of the midbrain (persists in adults as bend between axes of brainstem and cerebrum) |
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When do the secondary vesicles arise?
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5th wk
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Name the secondary vesicles and which primary vesicles they arise from
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1) Prosencephalon
-Telencephalon -Diencephalon 2) Mesencephalon -Mesencephalon 3) Rhombencephalon -Metencephalon -Myelencephalon |
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What does a barrier between the blood prevent?
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It prevents macromolecules in the blood from leaving the capillaries and leaking into the extracellular space of the brain.
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What are interposed between neurons and capillaries?
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Protoplasmic astrocytes
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______ induce the endothelial cells lining the capillaries and venules to form ______ ______
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Astrocytes, tight junctions
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What prevents the flow of almost all molecules except a few (including oxygen)?
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Tight junctions
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What regulate the flow of nutrients and metabolites between the neuron and the capillary?
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Astrocytes
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What does the neural crest develop into?
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Cells of the PNS
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What do somites become?
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Things such as the vertebral column, muscles
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