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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what cannot store glucose or oxygen or use iter energy sources?
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Neurons
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what removes CO2 and metabolic by-products
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Venous drainage
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Neurons are completely dependent on continuous and uniterrupted ______ ______ for metabolic needs and _______
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blood supply
oxygen |
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brain only composes 2% of ____ _____ but requires 20 % of _______ ______ and more than 20% _______ and metabloized glucose.
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body mass
blood supply oxygen |
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how much blood is pumped into the brain per minute?
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750 ml
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circulated blood is emptied where?
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Venous drainage system (for circulation though heart and lungs.
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where do dura layers separate
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Superior Saggital Sinus
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what can 5-8 seconds withough brain blood circulation cause?
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unconciousness
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20-25 seconds of vascualr deprivation eliminates what?
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electrical activity
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4-6 minutes without without brain blood circulation produces what? what may have a higher tolerance>
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irreversible brain damage
brainstem and spinal cord |
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Vascular circulation involves the network of ________ and _____ extending to each section of th body
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arteries
veins |
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large ______ carrying oxygenated blood branch into smaller ______ and smaller ________
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arteries (2x)
capillaries |
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Terminal blood vessels are called what?
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capillary beds
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exchange of oxygen and nutrients take place through _______ that infest the brain tissue
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capllaries (capillary beds)
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deoxygnated blood is picked up by what?
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Venules
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what do venules do?
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transport blood to larger veins on cortical surface
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veins empty into what?
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venous sinuses
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what is an exapmle of venous sinuses
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superior saggital sinus
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sler penetrating vessels are covered by what that is closer to the surface
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Pia Mater
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what are two main arterial system supply to th brain?
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internal corotid
vertebral basilar |
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what are the two branches of the common carotid artery?
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external corotid
internal corotid |
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what does the external carotid artery do?
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supplies facial muscles and forehead and oral, nasal and orbital cavitiies
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what does the internal carotid artery do?
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enters skull cranium through corotid foramen
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what are the two arterial branches of the Internal carotid system
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anteriorr choroidal and opthalmic arteries
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what does the opthalmic artery do?
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supplies eyeball and occular muscles
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the internal carotid artery joins with the circle of Willis and gives off what to major cortical ateries?
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Anterior Carotid Artery (ACA)
Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) |
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where do the bilateral vertebral arteries enter the cranium?
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forame magnum
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Vertebral arteries merge at cudal pons to form _______ ______ that runs along the ventral surface of the _______
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basilar artery
brainstem |
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where does the basilar artery terminate?
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circle of willis
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what are the 3 Vertebral arteries?
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Posterior spinal Artery
Anterior spinal Artery Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (PICA) |
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what does the Posterior Spinal Artery of the Vertebral arteries do?
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supplies dorsal medulla and dorsal rostral third of spinal cord.
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what does the Anterior Spinal Artery of the Vertebral ateries do?
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decends along ventral midline
supplies ventral medulla including pyramidal fibers and medial lemniscus supplies ventral rostral third of spinal cord. |
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what does the Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery of the Vertebral arteries do?
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Arises from vertebral artery at medulla
supplies lateral medulla and ipsilateral inferior cerebllum |
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what are the 3 branches of the Basilar Artery network
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Anterior Inferior Cerbellar Artery (AICA)
Internal Auditory Artery Superior Cerebellar Artery |
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what does the Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (AICA) of the Basilar artries do?
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arises from caudal pons
supplies lateral caudal pons & anterior-lateral cerebellar surface |
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what does the internal auditory artery of the basilar arteries do?
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spplies cochlea and vesibular structures
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what does the superior cerebellar artery of the baslar arteries do?
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arises from top of bbasilar artery
supplies rostral pons and anterior-dorsal surface of cerebellum |
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many short and long ________ artries and ________ arteries arise from basilar artery to supply pons and midbrain.
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circumferential
paramedian |
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where do all critical cortical arteries emerge from?
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circle of willis
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what is the circle of willis?
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ring of blood vessels at base of brain that circles optic chiasm and pituitary stalk
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what is anastamoses? and what does it allow?
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Junction between 2 arterial systems.
downstream arteries to receive blood from 2 sources |
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what is the importance of anastamoses?
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if one source is comprimised the other artery can compensate to an extent
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what are the branches of the circle of willis?
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Cortical branches
Central branches |
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what do the Cortical branches of the cirlce of willis do?
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supply superficial and external brain areas (circumferential)
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what do the central branches or the circle of willis do?
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penetrate ventral brain surface to supply internal brain structures
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how does the Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA) travel?
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travels rostrally in longitudinal fiissure along midsagittal surfce
curves around genu of CC to supply medial and dorsal frontal & parietal lobes ACA anastomoses with MCA laterally and PCA medially |
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what are symptoms of ACA interruption: paralysis or anasthesia of leg
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frontal lobe symptoms: disordered thinking, reasoning, self-monitoring, awareness
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if somatosensory area is occluded it causes what? if the motor area is occluded is causes what?
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anasthesia
paralysis |
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what is the largest of cortical arteries?
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Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA)
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which artery is most significant for speech and language regarding production, planning, and comprehension
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Middl Cerebral Artery (MCA)
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which artery runs laterally and emerges through the sylvian fissure on the lateral surface (branches into temporal, frontal and parietal areas)
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MCA (middle cerebral artery)
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what areas does th MCA (middle cerebral artery) supply?
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entire lateral surface (all lateral lobes including insula)
auditory regions speech motor regions language regions |
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which artery givs off arterial collaterals to basal ganglia and diencephalon
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MCA (middle cerebral artery)
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what is Contralateral Hemiplegia? (interupton symptom of MCA)
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paralysis occurring on the side of the body opposite to the side of the brain in which the causal lesion occurs.
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what is Hemi-Anesthesia (interruption symptom)
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loss of sensation to tactile stimuli to one side of the body
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Contralateral Hemiplegia and Hemi-anesthesia or facial, trunk, and/or limb regions cause interruption systems in what 5 areas? (all supported by MCA)
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loss of speech motor control (Dom. Hem.)
aphasic syndromes (Doom.Hem.) reading/writing deficits (Dom. Hem) hemi-neglect (non-Dom. Hem.) sensory integration (either Hem.) |
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how does the Posterior Cerebral Artery travel?
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Curves laterally and caudally alongwentral brain surface
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occlusion symptoms of the PCA (Posterior Cerebral Artery) include?
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visual deficits or cortical blindness
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PCA (posterior Cerebral Artery):
Corticl supply includes? Subcortical supply includes? |
anterior and inferior temporal lobe
uncus inferior temporal gyri Inferior and medial occipital lobe midbrain large portion of Thalamus |
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Central arteries supply blood to subcortical structures such as:
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Thalamus
Hypothalamus Basal Ganglia (most) Internal Capsule Choroid Plexus |
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what are the 4 important central arteries?
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Lenticulostriate
anteromedial anterior choroidal posterior choroidal |
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where does the Lenticulostriate arise from and what does it supply?
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arises from MCA
main supply to BG |
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where does the anteromedial arise from and what does it supply?
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arises from ACA and anterior communicating artery
supplies hypothalamus and proximal tissue |
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where does the anterior choroidal artery arise from and what does it supply?
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arises from internal carotid just before it joins circle of willis
supplies choroid plexus post. internal capsule hippocampus, globus palidus putamen |
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what are occlusion symptoms of the anterior choroidal artery?
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anasthesia
movement disorders memory disturbances |
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where does the Posterior Choroidal Artery arise from and what does it supply?
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arises from PCA
supplies choroid plexus (3rd ventricle) tectum pineal gland parts of thalamus parts of midbrain structues |
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what are occlusion symptoms of the posteror choroidal artery?
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movement disorders
coma (if reticularformation is comprimised) |
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what is a Lacaune
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smaller strokes, where occlusions have occurred
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Spinal cord vascular supply is from which two arteries mainly?
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Anterior Spinal Artery (vertebral)
Posterior Spinal Artery (vertebral) |
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Spinal cord vascular supply from the ACA and PCA supply which areas specifically
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ACA-anterior 2/3 of spinal cord
--interruption affects motor nuclei and sensory/motor tracts PCA-dorsal columns |
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Spnal cord vascular blood supply is augmented by________ arteries from the _______
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radicular
aorta |
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what are the most frequent causes of neurological deficits?
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Vascular pathologies
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vasular pathologies are ranked ____ most common cause of death
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3rd
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what is infarction
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brains cells dying due to lack of oxygen
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what are the vascualr pathologies characterized by sudden development of focal neurological deficits (3)
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Occlusive Vascular Pathologies
--Thormbosis --Embolism Hemorrhage Arteriovenous Malformations (congenital) |
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what are the two types of Occipital Vascualr Patologies? define each
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Thrombosis-ischemic strokes--blocks artery over months or years
Embolism-blocks smaller artery of heart occlusion (sudden) |
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Occlusive Vascular Pathologies:
what is atherosclerosis |
consists of hardend arterial walls
--slow process of various lipids,blood platelets, calcium deposits, fatty particles and other undissolved substances --present in blood and slowly accumulate along inner walls of blood vessels |
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what are contributing factors of atherosclerosis (occlusive vascular pathologie)?
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blood coagulability
stasis (dec. blood flow) high fats diet |
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occlusive vascular pathologies:
what is ischemia? |
insufficient blood supply
--result of narrowed or blocked arterial lumen (channel) with decreased of stopped blood flow |
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occlusive vascular pthologies:
what is Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)? |
similar to stroke
Temporary interruption or insufficient blood circulation tthe brain symptoms may include: weakness double vision headache paresthesia hemianesthesia dysarthria dizziness lasts up to 24 hours may indicate larger stroke is in the process |
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Occlusive Vascular Pathologies
what is the treatments for Transient Ischemic Attack? |
blood thinning medication
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Occlusive Vascular Pathologies
what does compensaton for atherosclerosis (leads to ischemia) |
heart pumps blood with greater force to compensate for lack of blood flow
may lead to high blood pressure (hypertension) |
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Once atherosclerotic process has begun it interrupts the blood supply by either foming an _________ or a __________
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embolism
thrombosis |
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Occlusive Vascular Pathologies
what is Embolism? |
blockage in distal artery with narrow lumus
--eschemic |
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what is an embolus
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detachd part of thrombosis
--which enters blood stream and eventuallyblocks small end artery --often occurs in young people --escemic |
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Occlusive Vascular Pathologies
what is Thrombosis |
Localized buildup of fatty substances and blood platelets
buildup is gradual and can take several years becomes apparent when arterial lumen is mostly blocked |
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what are hemorrhagic strokes?
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caused by pressure
occurs when a weakend arterial wall ruptures under the pessure of constant blood flow |
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where can hemorrhagic strokes occur?
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anywhere in arterial system
most common is arteries supplying thalamus and BG |
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what are the 3 major types of hemorrage?
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intercerebral hemorrage
subdural hemorrage aneurysm |
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Hemorrage Vascular Pathologies
what is intercerebral hemorrage? |
space-occupying lesions
involve the rupturing of an intracranial artery blood released from ruptured artery (accumulates to form hematoma, which enroaches on cortical centers) |
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Hemorrage Vascular Pathologies
what is a subdural hematoma? |
usually from traumatic injury
blood vessels rupture around arachnoid tissue if not surgically drained, accumulated blood will: expandand compress soft underlying brain tissue causing irreversible damage |
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Hemorrage Vascular Pathologies
what is an aneurysm? |
localized baloon like dialation of an artery
can result in weakness in vessel wall or to congenital defect. usually occurs at points of bifurcation of major arteries |
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Hemorrage Vascular Pathologies
what 2 ways can aneurysms cause neurological symptoms? |
arterial dilation can cmpress the surrounding area
aneurysm can no longer withstand the blood flow pressure--ruptures, releasing blood into the brain or on its surface |
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Arteriovenous Malformations
are congenital condition which tangled _____ and _____ become conneted in a localized area |
arteries
veins |
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Arteriovenous Malformations
Malformation often causes _______ and depending on location could cause.... (5) |
seizures
Language impairment Motor Speech Disorders Visual Disorders Sensory Loss Hemiplegia |
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what does Veinous drainage entail?
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superficial veins drain into superior sagittal sinus and cavernous sinus
deep veins drain into great vein of Galen all veinous drainage eventually reaches internal jugular veins |
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what are sinuses?
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large spaces between periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura
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what is the process of superficial venous drainage?
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Superior sagittal sinus travels posteriorly and empties into 2 tranverse sinuses
transverse sinus turns downward into Sigmoid sinus then through Jugular foramen forming the Internal Jugular Vein Cavernous sinus at base of brain drains into superior and inferior petrosal sinus and then to internal jugular |
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what is the process of deep venous drainage?
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drain into internal cerebral veins too reach great cerebral vein of Galen
enters dura of tentorium joined by inferior sagittal sinus forms hte strait sinus empties into transverse sinus |
