Neuro Quiz 2/3

Front 1

where is the spinal cord housed?

Back 1

in the vertebral column:

which is a stack of bones called vertabrae

Front 2

cervical

Back 2

head, neck, upper body, hands and arms

Front 3

thoracic

Back 3

hands, fingers, chest, and abdominal muscles

Front 4

lumbar

Back 4

hip, knee, ankel, and toe

Front 5

sacral

Back 5

legs, toe, bladder, and anal muscle

Front 6

coccygeal

Back 6

skin around the coccyx

Front 7

three major parts of brain stem

Back 7

1. medulla (myelcephalon)

2. pons and cerebellum (metencephalon)

3. midbrain (mesencephalon)

Front 8

why is damage to the brain stem life threatening?

Back 8

nuclei control respiration and global states

Front 9

what does the pons connect?

Back 9

connector between brain and cerebellum

Front 10

3 nuclei of thalmus

Back 10

1. lateral geniculate

2. medial geniculate

3. ventral posterior

Front 11

lateral geniculate

Back 11

recieves from ganglion cells of the retina and sends to axons of the primary visual cortex

Front 12

medial geniculate

Back 12

recieves from inner ear and send to primary auditory cortex

Front 13

ventral posterior

Back 13

recieves from somatosensory info and send to primary somatosensory cortex

Front 14

what is the hypothalmus the main link between

Back 14

link between endocrine system and nervous system

-one main job is to control circadian rythms

Front 15

medulla oblogata located?

Back 15

most caudal part; upper part of the brainstem

Front 16

what is housed in the medulla?

Back 16

cell bodies for many of the cranial nerves

Front 17

where is the pons in relation to the medulla?

Back 17

anterior to the medulla; upper brain stem

Front 18

cerebellum

-means "little brain"

Back 18

>home to most of the brains neurons

Front 19

what does the cerebellum have?

Back 19

>several gross subdivisions:

-cerebral cortex

-4 pairs of nuclei and internal white matter

*resembles cererbral hemispheres

Front 20

what do most fibers arriving at the cerebellum convey?

Back 20

information about body position

Front 21

what is the cerebellum critical for?

Back 21

maintaining posture, walking,and coordinated movements

Front 22

where is the midbrain located?

Back 22

superior to pons (visible only in a medial view)

-attatched to thalmus and hypothalmus at top end

Front 23

midbrain contains?

Back 23

>cranial nerve gangli

>superior collicus

>inferior collicus

>red nucleus and substantia nigra

Front 24

superior collicus

Back 24

important role in perceiving objects in the periphery and orienting gaze toward them

Front 25

inferior collicus

Back 25

locating and orienting toward auditory stimuli

Front 26

red nucleus and substantia nigra

Back 26

involved in motor coordination

-dopamine produced in substantia nigra

Front 27

where is thalmus located?

Back 27

sits at top of the brainstem at the rostral end near the center of the brain

Front 28

the thalmus is?

Back 28

the gateway to the cortex or relay center to the brain

Front 29

hypothalmus is

Back 29

the main link between endocrine and nervous system

-lies on the floor of the third ventricle

Front 30

job of the hypothalmus?

Back 30

control the circadian rythm

recieves input from mesencephalic recticular formation, amylgada, and retina

Front 31

where does the hypothalmus project to

Back 31

projections to the prefrontal cortex, amygalda, spinal cord, and pituitary gland

Front 32

where is pituitary gland attatched?

Back 32

base of hypothalmus

Front 33

hypothalmus plays role in homeostasis:

normal states of the body

Back 33

>sex hormones

>growth hormone

>thyroid hormone

>vasopresin and oxytocin to regulate water rentention, milk production,and uterine contractions

Front 34

gray matter in the spinal cord

Back 34

consists of two horns

1. ventral horn-contain large motor neurons that project to muscles

2. dorsal horn- contain sensory neurons and interneurons

Front 35

interneurons

Back 35

project to the motor neurons on ipsilateral and contralateral sides of the spinal cord; aids in coordination of limb movement

Front 36

medulla

Back 36

has chemoreceptors - that sense your blood lower pH then the medulla triggers you to breathe faster increase pH of blood so it gets back to normal

Front 37

what is the most important job of the pons

Back 37

moderate arousal and generate REM sleep

-role in breathing through pneumotaxic center nerve cells control breathing rate

Front 38

where do most cranial nerves synapse?

Back 38

in the pons

Front 39

telencephalon

Back 39

develops into the cerebrum

-include basal ganglia, limbic lobe, and cerebellum

Front 40

what about the functions of the telencephalon

Back 40

not completely understood or agreed upon

Front 41

cingulate gyrus

Back 41

extends above corpus callosum and spans both frontal and parietal lobes

Front 42

amygalda

Back 42

group of neurons anterior to the hippocampus

Front 43

function?

Back 43

responsible for preparing the body for emergency situations

-assist in development of memories

Front 44

Hippocampus

Back 44

beilieved to be critical for the formation of new memories and spatial orientation

Front 45

basal ganglia

Back 45

collection of nuclei located deep in the brain near the thalmus

-made up of subcortical nuclei: the caudate nuclei, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalmic nuclei

Front 46

striatum

Back 46

caudate nucleus and putamen together

Front 47

basal ganglia

-not a complete understanding

Back 47

>recieves input from sensory and motor nuclei

>involved in timing, fatigue, task switching, and action selection

Front 48

about basal ganglia

Back 48

many dopamine receptors which play a critical role in motivation and learning

-may be particularly true for reward based learning and goal oriented learning

Front 49

cerbral cortex

Back 49

outer most layer of the brain

-last to develop from evolutionary and embrylogical standpoint

-largest part of the brain

-covers the two hemispheres

Front 50

layers of cerebral cortex

Back 50

many layers and many folds

-includes sulci and gyri

Front 51

what do these layers assist with?

Back 51

>more cortical surface can be packed in

>brings neurons closer there by shorter axonal distance

>brings regions into closer proximity to each other

Front 52

what does the cerebral cortex contain

Back 52

contains cell bodies of neurons, dendrites, some axons, and blood vessels

Front 53

central sulcus

Back 53

divides frontal from parietal lobe

Front 54

sylvian fissure

Back 54

seperates temporal from the frontal and parietal lobe

Front 55

cytoarchiteconics

Back 55

cell + architechture

-also known as Brodmanns areas

52 regions that have been categorized and numbered according to differencesin cell morphology and organization

Front 56

frontal lobe

Back 56

plays a major role in motor functioning

two main subdivisions:

1. prefrontal cortex

2. motor cortex

Front 57

where is the motor cortex located?

Back 57

sits in front of the central sulcus

-primary motor cortex (m1)= BA4

Front 58

anterior to this area are two additional motor cortex

Back 58

premotor cortex

supplementary motor cortex

Front 59

parietal lobe?

Back 59

receives sensory info. and integrates it

-lesions in this area cause memory deficit, spatial and sensation

Front 60

somatosensory cortex

Back 60

comprised of primary and secondary somatosensory cortex

-info. about touch, pain, and temp. received on skin enter at the thalmus

Front 61

cortical topography

Back 61

mappings of the somatosensory and motor cortex

Front 62

occipital lobe

Back 62

responsible for processing visual information

Front 63

primary visual cortex

Back 63

(v1 and BA 17)

located on the medal surface of the cerebral hemispheres, hidden almost entirely from view between two hemispheres

Front 64

temporal lobe

Back 64

tonotopic organization: physical layout based on the frequency of sounds

-low sounds are at one end and high frequency are at the other

Front 65

association cortex

Back 65

neither sensory nor motor cortex

>receives and integrates input from many cortical areas

>the association cortices include most of the cerebral surface of the human brain

>responsible high level like language

Front 66

loose functions of the association area

Back 66

defined as cognition

cognition is the ability to attend to external stimuli or internal motivation, to idenitify significance of such stimuli, and plan meaningful responses to them

Front 67

association area

Back 67

each sense has a sensory association area

Front 68

about brain development

Back 68

>fetal brain complex from birth, but not fully developed

-fully developed for functions the baby needs at birth

Front 69

what is present at the begining

Back 69

cortical layers, neuronal connectivity, and myelin layers

Front 70

how does the early central nervous system begin?

Back 70

a neural plate that fold to form a groove (neuro groove) then tube (neuro tube) open intially at each end

Front 71

development

Back 71

1. egg

2. multicellular blastula : simple neuronal plate with three layers

Front 72

multicellular blastula

Back 72

1. ectoderm: (outer layer) will form the nervous system

2. mesoderm (middle layer) forms the skeletal system and voluntary muscle

3. endoderm (inner layer) forms the stomach and digestive system

Front 73

precursor cells

Back 73

undifferentiated cells from which all cortical cells, neuronal, and glial cells arise