Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
Bromocriptine
|
MECH: agonize dopamine receptors
USE: Parkinson's Disease, hyperprolactinemia TOX: nausea, somnolence, hallucinations, orthostatic hypotension |
PD
|
|
|
Pramipexole
|
MECH: agonize dopamine receptors
USE: Parkinson's Disease TOX: nausea, somnolence, hallucinations, orthostatic hypotension |
PD
|
|
|
Ropinirole
|
MECH: agonize dopamine receptors
USE: Parkinson's Disease TOX: nausea, somnolence, hallucinations, orthostatic hypotension |
PD
|
|
|
Amantadine
|
MECH: increase dopamine release
USE: Parkinson's Disease |
PD
|
|
|
L-dopa (levodopa)
|
MECH: crosses BBB, converted by dopa decarboxylase → ↑dopamine levels
USE: Parkinsonism TOX: arrhythmias, long term use → dyskinesia following admin and akinesa btw doses |
PD
|
|
|
Carbidopa
|
MECH: peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor → ↑ L-dopa bioavialability and ↓ side effects
USE: Parkinsonism in conjunction with L-dopa |
PD
|
|
|
Selegiline
|
MECH: selectively inhibits MAO type B → ↑ dopamine availability
USE: adjunctive agent to L-dopa to treat PD TOX: may enhance adverse effects of L-dopa |
PD
|
|
|
Entacapone
|
MECH: selectively inhibits COMT (catechol-O-methyl transferase) → ↑ dopamine availability
USE: adjunctive agent to L-dopa to treat PD TOX: may enhance adverse effects of L-dopa |
PD
|
|
|
Tolcapone
|
MECH: selectively inhibits COMT → ↑ dopamine availability
USE: adjunctive agent to L-dopa to treat PD TOX: may enhance adverse effects of L-dopa |
PD
|
|
|
Benzotropine
|
MECH: antimuscarinic
USE: improves tremor and rigidity of PD TOX: antimuscarinic side effects (impaired cognition, dry mouth, urinary retention) |
PD
|
|
|
Sumatriptan
|
MECH: 5HT-1D agonist → vasoconstriction
USE: acute migraine, cluster headache attacks TOX: coronary vasospasm, mild tingling (contraindicated with CAD or Prinzmetal's) |
|
|
|
Phenytoin
|
MECH: ↑ Na+ channel inactivation (use-dependent) → ↓ glutamate release from excitatory presynaptic neurons
USE: tonic-clonic seizures; antiarrhythmic TOX: nystagmus, ataxia, diplopia, sedation, SLE-like syndrome, ↑cytochrome P450 chronic use → gingival hyperplasia in children, peripheral neuropathy, hirsutism, ↓ folate absorption → megaloblastic anemia, malignant hyperthermia teratogenic |
Epilepsy
|
|
|
Carbamazepine
|
MECH: ↑ Na+ channel inactivation (use-dependent) → ↓ glutamate release from excitatory presynaptic neurons
USE: tonic-clonic seizures; trigeminal neuralgia; acute mania and mania/depression prophylaxis TOX: ataxia, diplopia, hepatotox, blood dyscrasias, ↑cytochrome P450; teratogenic |
Epilepsy, Mood stabilizer
|
|
|
Valproic Acid
|
MECH: ↑ Na+ channel inactivation; ↑ GABA concentration
USE: Absence seizures, myoclonic seizures; acute mania TOX: GI, hepatotox (measure LFTs), neural tube defects in fetus, tremor, weight gain |
Anticonvulsant, Mood stabilizer
|
|
|
Lamotrigine
|
MECH: blocks voltage-gated Na+ channels
USE: anti-epileptic; acute mania and mania/depression prophylaxis TOX: Stevens-Johnson syndrome |
Anticonvulsant, mood stabilizer
|
|
|
Gabapentin
|
MECH: ↑ GABA release
USE: anti-epileptic, peripheral neuropathy TOX: sedation, ataxia |
Epilepsy
|
|
|
Topiramate
|
MECH: blocks Na+ channels; ↑ GABA actions
USE: anti-epileptic TOX: sedation, mental dulling, kidney stones, weight loss |
Epilepsy
|
|
|
Phenobarbital
|
Barbiturate
MECH: facilitate GABA-A action by ↑ Cl- channel open duration → ↓ neuron firing USE: sedative (anxiety), seizures, insomnia TOX: dependence, additive CNS depression effects with alcohol, resp/CV depression, ↑ cytochrome P450 → interactions; treat overdose with symptom management (assist resp, ↑ BP) |
Epilepsy
|
|
|
Pentobarbital
|
Barbiturate
MECH: facilitate GABA-A action by ↑ Cl- channel open duration → ↓ neuron firing USE: sedative (anxiety), seizures, insomnia TOX: dependence, additive CNS depression effects with alcohol, resp/CV depression, ↑ cytochrome P450 → interactions; treat overdose with symptom management (assist resp, ↑ BP) |
Epilepsy
|
|
|
Thiopental
|
Barbiturate
MECH: facilitate GABA-A action by ↑ Cl- channel open duration → ↓ neuron firing USE: sedative (anxiety), seizures, insomnia, *anesthesia induction TOX: dependence, additive CNS depression effects with alcohol, resp/CV depression, ↑ cytochrome P450 → interactions; treat overdose with symptom management (assist resp, ↑ BP) |
Epilepsy
|
|
|
Secobarbital
|
Barbiturate
MECH: facilitate GABA-A action by ↑ Cl- channel open duration → ↓ neuron firing USE: sedative (anxiety), seizures, insomnia TOX: dependence, additive CNS depression effects with alcohol, resp/CV depression, ↑ cytochrome P450 → interactions; treat overdose with symptom management (assist resp, ↑ BP) |
Epilepsy
|
|
|
Ethosuximide
|
MECH: Blocks thalamic T-type Ca++ channels
USE: absence seizures TOX: GI, lethargy, HA, urticaria, Stevens-Johnson |
|
|
|
Benzodiazepines (diazepam, lorazepam, temazepam, chlordiazepoxide, alprazolam)
|
MECH: facilitate GABA-A action by ↑ freq of Cl- channel opening
USE: anxiety, spasticity, *status epilepticus, detox (alcohol withdrawal), night terrors, sleepwalking TOX: sedation, tolerance, dependence, additive with alcohol; treat overdose with flumazenil (GABA antagonist) |
|
|
|
Benzodiazepines (triazolam, oxazepam, midazolam)
|
Short acting
MECH: facilitate GABA-A action by ↑ freq of Cl- channel opening USE: anxiety, spasticity, detox (alcohol withdrawal), night terrors, sleepwalking, (midazolam for endoscopy anesthesia) TOX: sedation, tolerance, dependence, additive with alcohol |
|
|
|
Lithium
|
MECH: inhibits phosphoinositol cascade (not established)
USE: mood stabilizer (prophylaxis and treatment of acute mania and depression) TOX: tremor, hypothyroidism*(check thyroid regularly), polyuria (ADH antagonist → nephrogenic DI), teratogenic; narrow therapeutic window (monitor serum levels) |
Mood stabilizer
|
|
|
Buspirone (BuSpar)
|
MECH: stimulates 5HT-1A receptors
USE: anxiolysis for generalized anxiety disorder TOX: unlike benzo - does not cause sedation, addiction, alcohol interactions |
Anti-anxiety
|
|
|
Thioridazine
|
Neuroleptic
MECH: block D2 receptors (dopamine) USE: schizophrenia, psychosis, acute mania, Tourette syndrome TOX: Extrapyramidal - dystonia (extended spasm), akinesia, akathisia (restlessness), *Tardive dyskinesia (stereotypic oral/facial movements, often irreversible) Hypothalimic/Endocrine - hyperprolactinemia Muscarinic antagonism - dry mouth, constipation Alpha antagonism - hypotension Histamine antagonism - sedation *Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome - rigidity, myoglobinuria, autonomic instability, hyperpyrexia; treat with dantrolene and dopamine agonists |
Antipsychotic
|
|
|
Haloperidol
|
Neuroleptic
MECH: block D2 receptors (dopamine) USE: schizophrenia, psychosis, acute mania, Tourette syndrome TOX: Extrapyramidal - dystonia (extended spasm), akinesia, akathisia (restlessness), *Tardive dyskinesia (stereotypic oral/facial movements, often irreversible) Hypothalimic/Endocrine - hyperprolactinemia Muscarinic antagonism - dry mouth, constipation Alpha antagonism - hypotension Histamine antagonism - sedation *Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome - rigidity, myoglobinuria, autonomic instability, hyperpyrexia; treat with dantrolene and dopamine agonists |
Antipsychotic
|
|
|
Fluphenazine
|
Neuroleptic
MECH: block D2 receptors (dopamine) USE: schizophrenia, psychosis, acute mania, Tourette syndrome TOX: Extrapyramidal - dystonia (extended spasm), akinesia, akathisia (restlessness), *Tardive dyskinesia (stereotypic oral/facial movements, often irreversible) Hypothalimic/Endocrine - hyperprolactinemia Muscarinic antagonism - dry mouth, constipation Alpha antagonism - hypotension Histamine antagonism - sedation *Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome - rigidity, myoglobinuria, autonomic instability, hyperpyrexia; treat with dantrolene and dopamine agonists |
Antipsychotic
|
|
|
Chlorpromazine
|
Neuroleptic
MECH: block D2 receptors (dopamine) USE: schizophrenia, psychosis, acute mania, Tourette syndrome TOX: Extrapyramidal - dystonia (extended spasm), akinesia, akathisia (restlessness), *Tardive dyskinesia (stereotypic oral/facial movements, often irreversible) Hypothalimic/Endocrine - hyperprolactinemia Muscarinic antagonism - dry mouth, constipation Alpha antagonism - hypotension Histamine antagonism - sedation *Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome - rigidity, myoglobinuria, autonomic instability, hyperpyrexia; treat with dantrolene and dopamine agonists |
Antipsychotic
|
|
|
Clozapine
|
Atypical Antipsychotic
MECH: Block 5HT-2 and D4 receptors USE: schizophrenia (positive and negative symptoms) TOX: agranulocytosis (weekly WBC monitoring); fewer extrapyramidal and anticholinergic side fx than neuroleptics |
Antipsychotic
|
|
|
Olanzapime
|
Atypical Antipsychotic
MECH: Block 5HT-2 and D4 receptors USE: schizophrenia (positive and negative symptoms); OCD, anxiety disorder, depression, mania, Tourette syndrome TOX: fewer extrapyramidal and anticholinergic side fx than neuroleptics |
Antipsychotic
|
|
|
Risperidone
|
Atypical Antipsychotic
MECH: Block 5HT-2 and D4 receptors USE: schizophrenia (positive and negative symptoms) TOX: fewer extrapyramidal and anticholinergic side fx than neuroleptics |
Antipsychotic
|
|
|
Fluoxetine (Prozac)
|
SSRI
MECH: serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitor USE: endogenous depression, OCD TOX: GI, sexual dysfunction (anorgasmia), Serotonin Syndrome (hyperthermia, muscle rigidity, CV collapse) |
Antidepressants
|
|
|
Sertraline (Zoloft)
|
SSRI
MECH: serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitor USE: endogenous depression, OCD TOX: GI, sexual dysfunction (anorgasmia), Serotonin Syndrome (hyperthermia, muscle rigidity, CV collapse) |
Antidepressants
|
|
|
Paroxetine (Paxil)
|
SSRI
MECH: serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitor USE: endogenous depression, OCD TOX: GI, sexual dysfunction (anorgasmia), Serotonin Syndrome (hyperthermia, muscle rigidity, CV collapse) |
Antidepressants
|
|
|
Citalopram (Celexa)
|
SSRI
MECH: serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitor USE: endogenous depression, OCD TOX: GI, sexual dysfunction (anorgasmia), Serotonin Syndrome (hyperthermia, muscle rigidity, CV collapse) |
Antidepressants
|
|
|
Imipramine
|
Tricyclic Antidepressant
MECH: Block reuptake of norepi and 5HT USE: major depression, bed wetting TOX: Convulsions, Coma, Cardiotoxicity, sedation, alpha-blocking effects, anticholinergic effects (acute angle-closure glaucoma) |
Antidepressants
|
|
|
Clomipramine
|
Tricyclic Antidepressant
MECH: Block reuptake of norepi and 5HT USE: major depression, OCD TOX: Convulsions, Coma, Cardiotoxicity, sedation, alpha-blocking effects, anticholinergic effects |
Antidepressants
|
|
|
Amytriptyline
|
Tricyclic Antidepressant
MECH: Block reuptake of norepi and 5HT USE: major depression TOX: Convulsions, Coma, Cardiotoxicity, sedation, alpha-blocking effects, anticholinergic effects |
Antidepressants
|
|
|
Desipramine
|
Tricyclic Antidepressant
MECH: Block reuptake of norepi and 5HT USE: major depression TOX: Convulsions, Coma, Cardiotoxicity, sedation, alpha-blocking effects, anticholinergic effects |
Antidepressants
|
|
|
Nortriptyline
|
Tricyclic Antidepressant
MECH: Block reuptake of norepi and 5HT USE: major depression (especially in elderly) TOX: Convulsions, Coma, Cardiotoxicity, sedation, alpha-blocking effects |
Antidepressants
|
|
|
Doxepim
|
Tricyclic Antidepressant
MECH: Block reuptake of norepi and 5HT USE: major depression TOX: Convulsions, Coma, Cardiotoxicity, sedation, alpha-blocking effects, anticholinergic effects |
Antidepressants
|
|
|
Bupropion
|
MECH: not understood
USE: depression, smoking cessation TOX: stimulant effects, HA, seizure in bulimics; does not cause sexual side fx |
Antidepressant
|
|
|
Venlafaxine
|
MECH: inhibits 5HT, NE, and DA reuptake
USE: depression, generalized anxiety disorder TOX: stimulant effects, sedation, nausea, constipation, HTN |
Antidepressant
|
|
|
Mirtazapine
|
MECH: 5HT-2 and 5HT-3 antagonist; alpha2 antagonist
USE: depression TOX: sedation, ↑ appetite, weight gain, ↑ serum cholesterol, dry mouth |
Antidepressant
|
|
|
Maprotiline
|
MECH: blocks NE reuptake
USE: depression TOX: sedation, orthostatic hypotension |
Antidepressant
|
|
|
Trazodone
|
MECH: inhibits serotonin reuptake
USE: depression TOX: sedation, nausea, priapism, postural hypotension |
Antidepressant
|
|
|
Phenelzine
|
MAOI
MECH: nonselective monoamine oxidase inhibition → ↑ levels of amine neurotransmitters (NE, DA, 5HT) USE: atypical depression (w/ psychotic or phobic features), anxiety, hypochondriasis TOX: hypertensive crisis with tyramine ingestion and meperidine; CNS stimulation. Contraindicated with SSRI or beta-agonists to prevent serotonin syndrome |
Antidepressant
|
|
|
Tranylcypromine
|
MAOI
MECH: nonselective monoamine oxidase inhibition → ↑ levels of amine neurotransmitters (NE, DA, 5HT) USE: atypical depression (w/ psychotic or phobic features), anxiety, hypochondriasis TOX: hypertensive crisis with tyramine ingestion and meperidine; CNS stimulation. Contraindicated with SSRI or beta-agonists to prevent serotonin syndrome |
Antidepressant
|
|
|
Enflurane, isoflurane, sevoflurane, methoxyflurane
|
Inhaled Anesthetic
MECH: unknown, probably GABA agonist USE: surgical anesthesia; causes mycardial and resp depression, N/V, ↑ cerebral blood flow TOX: Malignant hyperthermia, nephrotox (methoxy-), proconvulsant (en-) |
Anesthetic
|
|
|
Halothane
|
Inhaled Anesthetic
MECH: unknown, probably GABA agonist USE: surgical anesthesia; causes mycardial and resp depression, N/V, ↑ cerebral blood flow TOX: Malignant hyperthermia, hepatotox |
Anesthetic
|
|
|
Nitrous oxide
|
Inhaled Anesthetic
MECH: unknown, probably GABA agonist USE: incomplete anesthesia with rapid onset and recovery; causes myocardial and resp depression, N/V, ↑ cerebral blood flow TOX: Malignant hyperthermia |
Anesthetic
|
|
|
Ketamine
|
MECH: PCP analog
USE: dissociative anesthetic → disorientation, hallucination, bad dreams; ↑ cerebral blood flow |
Anesthetic
|
|
|
Procaine, cocaine, tetracaine
|
Local anesthetic - Esters
MECH: block Na+ channel by binding to receptors on inner portion of channel USE: minor surgical procedures, spinal anesthesia TOX: CNS excitation, hypertension, hypotension, arrhythmias |
Anesthetic
|
|
|
Lidocaine, mepivacaine, bupivacaine
|
Local anesthetic - Amides
MECH: block Na+ channel by binding to receptors on inner portion of channel USE: minor surgical procedures, spinal anesthesia TOX: CNS excitation, hypertension, hypotension, CV tox |
Anesthetic
|
|
|
Flumazenil
|
MECH: GABA antagonist
USE: benzo overdose |
|
|
|
Propofol
|
IV anesthetic
MECH: binds GABA-a USE: short procedures (rapid induction) TOX: less N/V than thiopental |
Anesthetic
|
|
|
Etomidate
|
IV anesthetic
MECH: enhancing inhibitory synaptic transmission at the GABA-a USE: anesthesia in unstable patients (no CV fx) TOX: inhibits 11-beta hydroxylase activity → ↓ cortisol |
Anesthetic
|
