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161 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Astrocytes - 4 functions:
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-Physical support
-Repair -K metabolism -Help maintain BBB |
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Astrocyte marker:
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GFAP
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Ependymal cells:
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Inner lining of ventricles
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Microglia
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CNS phagocytes
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Oligodendroglia
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Central Myelin production
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Schwann cells
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Peripheral myelin production
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Embryonic tissue origin of MIcroglia:
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MEsoderm
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Embryonic origin of all other CNS/PNS support cells:
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Ectoderm
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What stimulates Microglia?
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Tissue damage
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What do Microglia do upon stimulation?
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Transform into large ameboid phagocytic cells!
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When are Microglia seen fused and in a big giant multinucleated clump in the CNS?
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HIV
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How many axons can one oligodendrocyte myelinate?
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Up to 30!
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Where do oligodendrocytes myelinate axons?
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CNS
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So in what part of the CNS are oligodendroglia the predominant glial cells?
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White matter
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In what disease are Oligodendrocytes destroyed?
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MS - multiple sclerosis
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What cells are in contrast to Oligodendrocytes?
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Schwann cells
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Why do Schwann cells CONTRAST to Oligodendrocytes?
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-Only myelinate ONE axon p cell
-Peripheral NS |
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What is another function of Schwann cells in addition to myelinating pns axons?
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Axon REGENERATION
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What is a tumor of schwann cells?
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Acoustic neuroma - a type of schwannoma
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So what is a common location associated with schwannomas?
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Internal acoustic meatus
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What nerves will be affected by an Acoustic Neuroma/Schwannoma?
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7 and 8
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What are the 3 layers around peripheral nerves?
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-Endoneurium
-Perineurium -Epineurium |
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What does Endoneurium invest?
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Single nerve FIBERS
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What does Perineurium invest?
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Fascicles of nerve fibers
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What does Epineurium invest?
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Entire NERVES
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What provides the permeability barrier to nerves?
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The PERIneurium - P is for P
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What layer is dense connective tissue?
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Epineurium
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What is included within an entire nerve that is surrounded with Epineurium?
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Fascicles
Blood vessels |
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What has to be done in microsurgery for limb reattachment?
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The perineurium has to be rejoined for there to be an intact permeability barrier.
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3 types of sensory corpuscles:
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-Meissner's
-Pacinian -Merkel's |
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Meissner's corpuscles:
-what -where |
-Small encapsulated nerve endings
-In DERMIS of palms, soles, digits |
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What are Meissner's corpuscles' function?
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light DISCRIMINATORY (fine) touch of GLABROUS skin - hairless
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Pacinian corpuscles:
-what -where |
-LARGE encapsulated nerve endings
-in DEEPER skin layers at LIGAMENTS, JOINT CAPSULES, SEROUS MEMBRANES, MESENTERIES |
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What are 4 things that Pacinian corpuscles sense?
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-Pressure
-Vibration -Tension -Coarse touch (private class pacinians) |
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Merkel's corpuscles:
-what -where |
-Cup shaped nerve endings
-in DERMIS of fingertips, hair follicles, hard palate |
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What is the function of Merkel's corpuscles?
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Light CRUDE touch
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Where is the INNER EAR housed?
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In the temporal bone in a bony labyrinth!
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What is that bony labyrinth filled with?
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Perilymph
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What is Perilymph similar to?
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ECF - Na rich
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What does the Bony labyrinth contain? 3 things:
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-Cochlea
-Vestibule -Semicircular canals |
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What lies WITHIN this bony labyrinth?
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Membranous labyrinth
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What is the MEMBRANOUS labyrinth filled with?
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ENDOlymph
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What is ENDOlymph similar to?
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INTRAcellular fluid - K rich
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What does this membranous labyrinth house? 3 things
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-Cochlear duct within the bony Cochlea
-Utricle/Saccule within the Vestibule -Semicircular canals |
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What are the SENSORY elements in the inner ear? At what specific sights?
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HAIR CELLS = sensory elements
-Vestibular apparatus -Cochlea |
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What do the hair cells in the Vestibular Apparatus detect?
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Spatial orientation
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What do the hair cells in the cochlea detect?
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Hearing!!
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What is the BASE of the cochlea like?
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Narrow and Stiff
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What frequency does the BASE of the cochlea detect?
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High frequency sound
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What is the APEX of the cochlea like?
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Wide and Floppy
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What does the APEX of the cochlea detect?
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LOW-FREQ sound
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Perilymph
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ECF - Na
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Endolymph
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ICF - K
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What is Endolymph MADE by?
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Stria vascularis
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What do the Utricle and Saccule contain?
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Maculae
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What do Maculae detect?
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LINEAR acceleration M for L
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What do the Semicircular canals contain?
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AMPULLAE
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What do the Ampullae detect?
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ANGULAR circulation - A for A
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In what order of frequency does hearing loss in the elderly occur?
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Lose HIGH freq first (base)
Lose LOW freq later (apex) |
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What are the 3 layers that form the BBB?
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TAB
-Tight junctions, endothel cells -Astrocyte foot processes -Basement membrane |
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What is the endothelial lining of blood vessel capillaries in the brain like?
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NONfenestrated - they have TIGHT junctions that are impermeable.
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How do Glucose and AA's get into the brain?
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Carrier-mediated transporters
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How do Nonpolar and Lipid-soluble substances get into the brain?
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More easily than polar/water soluble things do!
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Are ALL brain capillaries held together with tight junctions?
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NO! there are SOME areas with fenestrated capillaries and NO blood brain barrier!
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What are 2 examples of such a place?
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The area postrema - vomiting
Neurohypophysis - to release it neuroendocrine hormones |
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What destroys Endothelial tight junctions?
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Infarction
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What is the result of destruction of endothelial tight junctions?
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Vasogenic edema
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What are the functions of the Hypothalamus?
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TAN HATS
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What is TAN HATS?
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-Thirst/water balance
-Adenohypoph control -Neurohypophysis hormone synth -Hunger -Autonomic regulation -Temp regulation -Sexual urges/Emotions |
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What nucleus controls thirst and water balance?
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Supraoptic! that's where ADH is made.
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How does the hypothalamus control the Adenohypophysis?
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By releasing Releasing hormones
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What are the 2 nuclei in the hypothalamus involved in regulating hunger and satiety?
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-Lateral nucleus
-Ventromedial nucleus |
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What happens if the LATERAL nucleus is destroyed?
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Anorexia and Starvation
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What happens if the VENTROMEDIAL nucleus is destroyed?
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Hyperphagia and Obesity
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So what happens if you zap your VENTROMEDIAL nucleus?
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you grow ventrally and medially
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Where does the hypothalamus regulate
-SNS -PNS -CIRCADIAN RYTHMS |
SNS - POSTERIOR
PNS - ANTERIOR Circadian - SupraCHIAsmatic Nu |
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What part of the hypothalamus regulates COOLING when you're hot?
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ANTERIOR - A/C cools you
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What part of the hypothalamus conserves heat and produces heat when you're cold?
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POSTERIOR
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What happens if you zap your Posterior hypothalamus?
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You become a poikilotherm
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What IS a poikilotherm?
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A cold blooded snake
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What nucleus regulates Sexual urges and emotions?
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Septal nucleus
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What happens if you destroy the Septal nucleus?
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RAGE
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What are the origin nuclei of the axons that make up the posterior pituitary? What hormone is made in each nu?
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-Supraoptic - ADH
-Paraventricular - Oxytocin |
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What is the major relay for ascending SENSORY info that ultimately reaches the Cortex?
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Thalamus
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Where does visual and auditory sensory info go to the thalamus?
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Visual - LGN lateral
Auditory - MGN medial |
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What do the Ventral Anterior and Ventral Lateral nuclei coordinate?
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Motor sensory info
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What info passes through the VPM - ventral posterial nu, medial part?
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Facial sensation goes to VPM
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What info passes through the VPL - ventral posterial nu, lateral part?
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Body sensation from the dorsal columns and spinothalamic tracts!
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What is the Limbic system responsible for coordinating? The 5 Fs...
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Feeding
Fighting Feeling Flight Sex |
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What are the 2 important functions of the Basal Ganglia?
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-Voluntary movements
-Postural adjustments |
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What is the first step in the Basal ganglia regulation of movement?
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Stimulatory input from the motor cortex to Striatum
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What is the Striatum?
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-Caudate
-Putamen |
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What are the 2 receptors on the striatum? what does each recieve input from?
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D1 - recieves INHIBITORY input from SNc dopamine
D2 - recieves STIMULATORY input from SNc dopamine |
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What pathway is facilitated by the input on each type of DA receptor? What is the result on movement?
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D1 - Direct pathway - facilitates movement
D2 - Indirect pathway - inhibits movement |
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What is the effect of inhibition of the Direct pathway?
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Inhibition of inhibition - normally if stimulated the Striatum would then inhibit GPi
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So the function of the Direct pathway is:
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Facilitation of movement
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Function of Indirect pathway is:
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Inhibition of movement
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Which pathway is underactive as a result of loss of Dopamine neurons in substantia nigra in Parkinson's?
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Direct is underactive
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Why is the Indirect pathway over active in Parkinson's?
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Loss of inhibition
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Area 6
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Premotor cortex - extrapyramidal
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Area 8
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Frontal eye fields
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Areas 44, 45
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Broca's area
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What is Broca's area function?
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Motor speech
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Areas 41,42
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Primary auditory cortex
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Area 22
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Associative auditory cortex
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Associative auditory cortex is aka
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Wernicke's area 22
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Area 17
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Principal Visual cortex
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Where is the principal visual cortex - what lobe?
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occipital
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Where is Wernicke's area?
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Temporal lobe
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Where is Broca's area?
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Frontal
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What is area 4?
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Principal motor area
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What are Areas 3, 1, and 2?
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Principal Sensory areas
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What is the function of the Frontal Lobe?
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Executive functions
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What is the most notable deficiency in a frontal lobe lesion?
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LACK OF SOCIAL JUDGEMENT (bulldog)
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Where is the tongue on the homunculus?
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Below the face
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Where is the face?
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on the very middle of the side
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What is just above the forehead?
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The thumb, then hand
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What is above the Hand?
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The rest of the body
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Where is the foot?
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On the inside, medial sulcus
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So what would a lower extremity sensory deficit involve damage of?
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ACA - anterior cerebral
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ACA supplies:
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-Medial brain surface
-Leg-foot motor/sensory cortex |
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MCA supplies:
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-Lateral brain
-Trunk-arm-face motor/sensory -Broca's and Wernicke's |
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Most common site of a Circle of Willis Aneurysm is:
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ACOM - anterior communicating!
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Lesions to ACOM:
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Visual field defects
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Another common area of aneurysm:
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PCOM
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PCOM aneurysm causes:
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CN III palsy
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What do Lateral Striates branch from?
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MCA
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Lateral striates are the classic arteries implicated in:
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STROKES
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4 structures supplied by the lenticulostriates:
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-Internal capsule
-Caudate -Putamen -Globus pallidus (basal ganglia) |
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Manifestations of stroke of ANTERIOR circle of willis:
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-General sensory/motor dysfunction
-Aphasia |
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Manifestations of stroke of POSTERIOR circle of willis:
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-Cranial nerve deficits - vertigo and visual deficits
-Coma -Cerebellar deficits - ATAXIA |
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Where ARE the venous sinuses?
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In the DURA MATER - between the meningeal and periosteal layers.
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Where does the blood that flows thru the venous sinuses come from?
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Cerebral veins
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Where does the blood from the Dural venous sinuses GO?
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To IJV - internal jugular vein
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What/where is the highest venous sinus? What is its function?
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Superior Sagittal sinus - falx cerebri; MAIN locaiton of CSF return via the Arachnoid granulations!
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Where does the Superior sagittal sinus drain?
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Confluence of sinuses at the occiput
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What else drains into the confluence of the sinuses?
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The straight sinus
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What does the Straight sinus receive flow from?
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The INFERiOR sagittal sinus and the GREAT cerebral vein of Galen
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Where does blood flow UP into the confluence?
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Occipital sinus!
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So with all this blood landing at the confluence, where does it THEN flow?
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Transverse sinuses, Sigmoid sinuses, then thru the Jugular Foramen as the INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN!
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From what anterior location in the frontal lobe does blood also drain to the sigmoid sinus?
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Sphenoparietal sinus
Cavernous sinus |
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What structures carry the blood from the Sphenoparietal and Cavernous sinuses to the sigmoid sinus?
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Superior petrosal
Inferior petrosal |
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Where is the CSF that drains from arachnoid granulations into the superior sagittal sinus get MADE and stored?
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MADE - in choroid plexus
STORED - in the ventricle system! |
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What are the big ventricles?
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Lateral ventricles
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What do the lateral ventricles drain into and how?
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The THIRD ventricle via the INTERVENTRICULAR foramen of Monroe
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Where does CSF drain from the THIRD ventricle and how?
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Into the FOURTH ventricle by the Cerebral AQUEDUCT of sylvius!
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Where does CSF from the Fourth ventricle drain?
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-2 lateral foramina of luschka
-1 medial Foramen of Magendie Into the SUBARACHNOID SPACE |
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How many spinal nerves are there? How many KINDS?
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31 pairs - 5 kinds
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What are the spinal nerves?
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8 cervical
12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal |
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What is the most common site of a vertebral disk herniation?
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L5-S1
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Where does the Adult spinal cord extend to?
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L1-L2
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Where does the SUBARACHNOID space in adults extend to?
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Lower border of S2
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So where do you need to do a spinal tap to keep the spinal cord alive?
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Between L3 and L5!
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What is at the level of L3-L5?
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Cauda equina
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And what is the space you're going for in doing a lumbar puncture?
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The subarachnoid space at L4-L5, where the CSF is
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Incidentally, when you do a lumbar tap at L4-L5, what are you right above?
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L5-S1 where the most common site of vertebral disk herniation
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How many things does a needle have to pass through to GET to teh subarachnoid space?
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6! (the subarachnoid space is 7)
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What are the 7 layers?
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1. Skin/superficial fascia
2. Ligaments 3. Epidural space 4. Dura mater 5. Subdural space 6. Arachnoid mater |
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What does it spell?
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SLEDSA!
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What are the 3 ligaments on the posterior side of the spine?
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-Supraspinous
-Interspinous -Ligamentum flavum |
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What is NOT pierced when you do a lumbar tap?
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The PIA is not pierced
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