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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Altered proteins found in early-onset familial Alzheimer
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APP, presenilin-1, presenilin-2
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Altered protein found in late-onset familial Alzheimer
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ApoE4
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Histological findings in Alzheimer's
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Extracellular B-amyloid plaques - amyloid angiopathy --> IC hemorrhage
Intracellular neurofibrillary tangles - tau protein |
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Pick's disease/FT dementia + symptoms
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Frontotemporal atrophy; dementia, personality changes, aphasia, parkinsonism
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Protein aggregate in Pick's disease
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Intracellular tau protein aggregates
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Lewy body dementia
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Parkinsonism + dementia + hallucinations
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Protein aggregate in LBD
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a-synuclein bodies
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CJD
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Rapidly progressive dementia with myoclonus; spongiform cortex
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Protein aggregate in CJD
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Abnormal B-pleated prion sheets
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Vascular/multi-infarct dementia
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Stepwise-progression of dementia; mini-strokes, arteriolar thickening,
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Other dementia causes
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Syphilis, HIV, vit B1, B3, B12 deficiency, Wilson's disease, NPH
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MS findings
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Increased IgG in CSF
*Oligoclonal bands* - DIAGNOSTIC Periventricular plaques on MRI |
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Guillain-Barre pathophys
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Autoimmune inflammation and destruction of Schwann cells --> peripheral demyelination of peripheral nerves
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GBS findings
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Symmetrical ascending paralysis, facial paralysis
Increased CSF protein, normal cell count, papilledema |
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Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) + association
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Rapid oligodendrocyte destruction --> CNS demyelination
JC virus association |
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Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis + associations
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Multifocal perivenular inflammation + demyelination after infection (measles, VZV), vaccinations (rabies, smallpox)
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Metachromic leukodystrophy
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Arylsulfatase A deficiency (lysosomal storage deficit)
Sulfatide buildup --> impaired myelin |
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Charcot-Marie-Tooth
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Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy; defective peripheral myelin production
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Charcot-Marie-Tooth symptoms
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Loss of sensation in extremities
Foot drop, claw foot, pes caves (arched foot), stork legs |
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Krabbe's disease
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Galactocerebrosidase deficiency (lysosomal storage)
Galactocerebroside buildup --> demyelination |
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Simple partial seizure
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Normal LOC, one area of brain affected
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Complex partial seizure
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Decreased LOC, one area of brain affected
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Status epilepticus
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Continuous/recurrent seizures for > 30 min
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Absence seizure
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Blank stare, no postictal state, common in kids
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Myoclonic seizure
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Quick, repetitive jerks
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Tonic-clonic seizure
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Alternating stiffening and movement, postictal confusion
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Tonic seizure
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Stiffening
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Atonic seizure
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"Drop" seizures, commonly mistaken for fainting
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Duration: cluster, tension, migraine
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Cluster: 15 min - 3 hrs, repetitive
Tension: > 30 min, 4-6 hrs, constant Migraine: 4-72 hrs (longest) |
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Cluster headache characteristics
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Unilateral repetitive brief headaches + periorbital pain + lacrimation, rhinorrhea; more common in males
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Tension headache characteristics
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Bilateral "band-like" steady pain
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Migraine headache characteristics
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Pulsating pain + nausea, photophobia, aura
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Differentiate between cluster headache and trigeminal neuralgia
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Cluster: pain lasts > 15 min
TN: pain lasts < 1 min |
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Peripheral vertigo
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Inner ear etiology
Positional testing - delayed horizontal nystagmus |
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Central vertigo
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Brainstem/cerebellar lesion
Positional testing - immediate nystagmus in any direction |
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Sturge-Weber
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Port-wine stains in V1 distribution
IPSL leptomeningeal angiomas, pheochromocytoma Glaucoma, seizures, hemiparesis, mental retardation |
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Tuberous sclerosis (HAMARTOMAS)
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Hamartomas in CNS/skin
Adenoma sebaceum Mitral regurg Ash-leaf spots Rhabdomyoma (cardiac) (Tuberous sclerosis) a.dOminant Mental retardation Angiomyolipoma (renal) Seizures |
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NF type I
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Cafe-au-lait spots, Lisch nodules (pigmented iris harmatomas), neurofibromas in skin, optic glioma, pheochromocytoma
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NF type I inheritance pattern + gene
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AD; NF1 gene mutation on chrom 17
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von Hippel-Lindau disease
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Cavernous hemangioma in skin, mucosa, organs
Bilateral RCC Hemangioblastoma in retina, brainstem, cerebellum Pheochromocytoma |
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von Hippel-Lindau inheritance pattern + gene
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AD; VHL gene mutation on chrom 3
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NF type II
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Bilateral Schwannoma, meningiomas, ependymomas
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Glioblastoma multiforme
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Grave IV astrocytoma; most common 1o CNS tumour; "butterfly glioma"
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Glioblastoma multiforme findings
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GFAP positive
"Pseudopalisading" pleomorphic cells border necrosis, hemorrhage |
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Meningiomas
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2nd most common 1o CNS tumour, benign, resectable
Arachnoid cells, parasagittal region |
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Meningioma histological findings
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Psammoma bodies (laminated calcifications)
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Schwannoma + common location
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CN VIII tumour - acoustic schwannoma, resectable
Cerebellopontine angle |
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Schwannoma marker
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S-100
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Oligodendroglioma + histology
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Frontal lobe, slow growing tumour; 3rd most common 1o CNS tumour
"Chicken-wire" capillaries, fried-egg cells (clear cytoplasm) |
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Pituitary adenoma symptoms
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Hyperprolactinemia (infertility in males, amenorrhea in females); bitemporal hemianopsia, hyper-/hypo-pituitiarism
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Pilocytic astrocyoma
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Childhood cancer; cystic cancer, well-circumscribed, benign, good prognosis
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Pilocytic astrocytoma histology
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Rosenthal fibres (eosinophilic, corkscrew fibres)
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Medulloblastoma
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Malignant childhood cerebellar tumour, primitive neuroectodermal tumour (PNET), "drop metastates" to spinal cord; NC hydrocephalus
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Medulloblastoma histology
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Small blue cells, Homer-Wright rosettes
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Ependymoma
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Childhood, 4th ventricle; hydrocephalus, poor prognosis
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Ependymoma histology
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Perivascular pseudorosettes, rod-shaped ciliary basal bodes near nucleus
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Hemangioblastoma + association
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CNS vascular tumours, common in children; associated with von Hippel-Lindau with retinal angiomas
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Hemangioblatoma histiology
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Foamy cells, high vascularity
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Craniopharyngioma
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Benign childhood Rathke's pouch tumour, most common childhood supratentorial tumour; calcification
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Cingulate herniation - past which structure?
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Falx cerebri
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Cingulate herniation complication
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ACA compression
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Uncal herniation: past which structure?
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Tentorium cerebelli
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