Neuro Pathology

Front 1

astroglia

Back 1

a. connective tissue of the CNS
b. literally fill the space between neurons and BV in the CNS
i. “scar” forming cells of CNS
c. recent evidence suggest functional role in addition to structural role
i. component of blood-brain barrier, role in nutrient/metabolite transport,etc.

Front 2

oligodendroglia (CNS)

Back 2

a. myelinate neurons in CNS
b. each cell myelinates multiple neurons (axons)

Front 3

ependymoglia (CNS)

Back 3

a. line ventricles, central canal of the spinal cord, choroid plexus
b. function: secretory, absorptive and CSF circulatory role

Front 4

microglia (CNS)

Back 4

a. remove degenerative debris of CNS via phagocytosis

Front 5

Schwann cell (PNS)

Back 5

a. myelinate single neuron (axon) in PNS
b. Provide connective tissue support, myelinate, and have phagocytosis role

Front 6

Central Nervous System (CNS) = brain + spinal cord

Back 6

1. Brain
a. Forebrain (cerebrum)
i. Telencephalon
ii. Diencephalon
b. Midbrain (mesencephalon)
c. Hindbrain
i. Cerebellum
ii. Pons
iii. Medulla oblongata (myeloencephalon)
2. Spinal Cord
a. Structures
b. Pathways
i. Motor
ii. Sensory
c. Meninges
i. Dura
ii. Arachnoid
iii. Pia
d. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Front 7

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Back 7

1. Cranial nerves
2. Spinal nerves

Front 8

Autonomic Nervous System

Back 8

1. sympathetic
2. parasympathetic
3. enteric nervous system of GI tract

Front 9

Telencephalon

Back 9

R/L cerebral hemispheres/cortex, basal ganglia

Front 10

Gyri

Back 10

the ridges or folds of the cortex, separated by sulci

Front 11

Sucli

Back 11

the groove between the (gyri) ridges or folds of the cortex

Front 12

Fissure

Back 12

large deep sucli

Front 13

White Matter

Back 13

myelinated nerve fibers that communicate between regions of the

Front 14

Fasciculus

Back 14

bundles or tracts of fibers

Front 15

Commissures

Back 15

Transverse connections between right/left hemispheres

Front 16

Projection fibers

Back 16

Connect cortex with lower portions of CNS
Afferent -input to cortex
Efferent- output from cortex

Front 17

Association fibers

Back 17

connection between regions of the CNS within the cortex

Front 18

2.Cerebral cortex
a. Gray matter

Back 18

contains cell bodies and neurons
i. Columnar arrangement of cortex
ii. Gyri and sulci increase surface area

Front 19

cerbral cortex - each hemisphere contains 6 lobes

Back 19

Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, insular, limbic

Front 20

Primary area

Back 20

“raw” individual sensory input or motor output

Front 21

Secondary areas

Back 21

give meaning to primary sensory area

Front 22

Association areas

Back 22

integrate sensory, memory input with prefrontal/motor areas to provide meaningful perceptual experience

Front 23

Frontal lobe -Area 4

Back 23

primary motor area (pre-central gyrus)

Somatotopic organization referred to as homunculus

Front 24

Frontal Lobe -Area 4

Back 24

Controls muscles on opposite sides of the body

Front 25

Area 6

Back 25

pre-motor area (precentral gyrus/sulcus and some of superior frontal gyrus

Front 26

Apraxia

Back 26

 inability to execute purposeful voluntary movement
 result of lesions to motor association areas of frontal lobe or sensory input from parietal association areas

Front 27

Gait apraxia

Back 27

Diminished ability to walk or stand

Front 28

Construction apraxia

Back 28

inability to draw, construct or copy geometric figures

Front 29

Sensory apraxia (ideational apraxia, conceptual apraxia)

Back 29

inability to formulate the ideational plan for executing the multiple steps of purposeful voluntary movement

Front 30

Ideomotor apraxia

Back 30

inability to perform a task when asked…i.e. comb hair, use a tool

Front 31

iii. Area 8 = frontal eye field (middle frontal gyrus)

Back 31

Function:
Conjugate gaze (lateral) to opposite direction (side)

Front 32

Dominant hemisphere (areas 44,45):

Back 32

Broca’s speech area - dominant hemisphere only (inferior frontal gyrus)

Front 33

Damage to Broca’s area (area 44, 45 in dominant hemisphere)

Back 33

 Broca aphasia (expressive aphasia, motor aphasia or non-fluent aphasia

Front 34

 Aphasia

Back 34

• acquired impairment of the production of language
• can be sensory, motor or both
• impairment of any language modality (sensory, motor or both)

Front 35

 Dysarthria

Back 35

• difficulty of motor control of tongue/mouth to produce speech

Front 36

Non-dominant hemisphere (areas 44, 45) Function:

Back 36

 production of the normal pitch, rhythm and variation of stress/tone in speech (“musical aspects of speech”)

Front 37

Non-dominant hemisphere damage results in

Back 37

 Motor dysprosodia

 NOTE: The term “Prosody” refers to:
• fluctuations in tone, melody, timing, pauses, stresses, intensity, vocal quality and accents of speech

Front 38

Lesion to area 5,7 : Agnosia

Back 38

(general term associated with loss of sensory interpretation)
 Loss of ability to recognize objects, persons, sounds, shapes, or smells with sensation and memory still intact
 Agnosia can result in damage to association area of a specific sensory input (visual, auditory, somatosensory)

Front 39

Astereoagnosia (stereoanesthesia)

Back 39

• tactile amnesia (tactile agnosia)
• inability to judge the form of an object by touch

Front 40

Anosagnosia (“neglect”)

Back 40

• ignorance of the presence of disease
• non-dominant parietal lobe damage (associative areas)

Front 41

Agraphesthesia: (cutaneous kinesthesia)

Back 41

• difficulty recognizing a familiar form (number/letter) traced on the area of skin (back, palm, etc….)
• damage to area 5,7

Front 42

Area 39, 40 = association area for language

Back 42

Lesion: Dominant hemisphere damages results in Wernicke’s aphasia

Front 43

Non-dominant hemisphere (areas 39, 40) Function:

Back 43

Interpretation of the normal pitch, rhythm and variation of stress/tone in speech (“musical aspects of speech”)

Front 44

Lesion of areas 39, 40 in non-dominant hemisphere

Back 44

Sensory dysprosodia:
• difficulty of speech in interpreting the normal pitch, rhythm and variation of stress/tone in speech “musical aspects of speech”

Front 45

Area 42 = auditory association area
lesion

Back 45

auditory agnosia: inability to interpret the significance of sound

Front 46

Area 22 – association area for language
Dominant hemisphere (area 22) – Wernicke’s area
lesion:

Back 46

Wernicke’s aphasia (receptive, fluent, sensory aphasia)

Front 47

Non-dominant hemisphere (area 22) Function:

Back 47

Interpretation of the normal pitch, rhythm and variation of stress/tone in speech (“musical aspects of speech”)

Front 48

Lesion of area 22 in non-dominant hemisphere

Back 48

 Sensory dysprosodia:
• difficulty of speech in interpreting the normal pitch, rhythm and variation of stress/tone in speech “musical aspects of speech”

Front 49

Other functions of temporal lobe

Back 49

 Temporal lobe and limbic lobes involved in complex aspects of learning and memory
 Limbic lobe is “deep” to temporal lobe
 Inferior, medial temporal lobes:
 significant role in creating long-term memory/learning
 transition short term to long term memory

Front 50

Lesion of Temporal Lob

Back 50

 amnesia= loss of memory
 anterograde amnesia = loss of ability to memorize new things after “injury”

Front 51

Explicit memory (declarative memory)

Back 51

 Conscious and purposeful recall of previous experiences and information (dates, facts, times, places, etc…)

Front 52

Episodic memory:

Back 52

• specific recall of the events in a person’s life
• evidence to suggest associated with non-dominant hemisphere

Front 53

Semantic memory:

Back 53

• recall of factual knowledge of historical events/people
• recognize people
• “academic” information
• evidence to suggest associated with dominant hemisphere

Front 54

Implicit memory:

Back 54

 Memory/recall of previous experiences will unconsciously influence current task without conscious awareness

Front 55

h. Occipital lobe
Area 17
area 18, 19

Back 55

17= primary visual area
Area 18, 19 = visual association area