Neuro Path - Sem 3 - Wk 2

Front 1

What is the CNS composed of?

Back 1

Brain and spinal cord

Front 2

Explain the CNS

Back 2

1. connected to sensory receptors, muscles and glands (input from PNS)

2. sensory information integrated, sent to diff areas of the brain, nerve pulses sent back to PNS

Front 3

what is the forebrain

Back 3

Cerebrum, inner brain

Front 4

What is the midbrain

Back 4

Uppermost brainstem

Front 5

What is the hindbrain

Back 5

Upper part of SC, brainstem, cerebellum

Front 6

What is the cerebrum

Back 6

Outermost part of the brain,

made up of white matter,

2 hemispheres,

surrounded by cerebral cortex

Front 7

What are Gyrus, Sulcus, fissures

Back 7

gyrus = folds

sulcus=valley

fissures=deep sulcus (divisions of the brain)

Front 8

Explain two hemispheres of cerebrum

Back 8

L & R brain,

each hemisphere divided into 4 lobes,

many different functional divisions,

connected by corpus callosum

Front 9

What is cerebral cortex

Back 9

Covers cerebral, made of gray matter

Front 10

Gray matter VS White matter

Back 10

Gray matter= Grey due to high density of neuron's

White matter= Myelin Sheath makes a white matter ( Gives the weight look)

Front 11

Name the lobes of the cerebrum

Back 11

Frontal lobes,

Parietal lobes,

occipital lobe's,

temporal lobes

Front 12

Function of the frontal lobe

Back 12

Control thinking,

planning,

organizing,

problem-solving,

short-term memory,

movement

Front 13

Function of the Parietal Lobe

Back 13

Interpret sensory information

(i.e. Pain, proprioception, temperature, touch)

Front 14

Function of the occipital lobe

Back 14

Process images from eyes and link info with images stored in long-term memory

Front 15

Function of the Temporel lobe

Back 15

Process information from senses of smell, taste and sound.

Plays a role in long-term memory storage

Front 16

Name the Motor Areas

Back 16

primary motor, premotor, brocas

Front 17

Name the Sensory areas and related association areas

Back 17

somatosensory,

wernicke's,

visual,

auditory

Front 18

Name the prefrontal area

Back 18

Executive functions

Front 19

Function of the somatosensory cortex

Back 19

primary somatosensory cortex - rcv's tactile information from the body.

Sensory info carried to:
>brain (by neural pathways)
> spinal cord
> brainstem
> thalamus
> somatosensory cortex

Front 20

Function of the primary motor cortex

Back 20

generate neural impulses that control the execution of movement.

(Controls execution of muscle movement)

Front 21

Function of the pre-motor cortex

Back 21

accessory area to begin building info that brain needs to produce movement

(prepare & helps to control muscle movement)

Front 22

Function of the primary visual cortex

Back 22

rcv's info from its contralateral visual field

Front 23

Function of the primary auditory cortex

Back 23

Takes heard info and sends to Wernicke’s area to understand info

Front 24

Function of the Broca's area

Back 24

Speech production from a physical point of view (moving tongue, larynx, etc.)

Front 25

Function of the wernickes area

Back 25

1. Rcv’s info from auditory area,

2. Responsible for translating the information

Front 26

What is the inner brain made up of

Back 26

Hippocampus,

thalamus,

Hypothalamus

(also known as limbic system)

Front 27

Function of the hippocampus

Back 27

Send memories out to appropriate cerebral hemisphere for long term storage

Retrieves memories when necessary

i.e. remembers name of dog when you were 6 y.o

Front 28

Function of the thalamus

Back 28

Gate keeper for messages passed between SC and cerebral hemispheres

i.e. sends info of pain sensory to sensory cortex when you stub your toe

Front 29

Function of the hypothalamus

Back 29

-Emotional and behaviour patterns (i.e. feel joy when you pass a test)

-Controls sleeping (i.e. Wakes you up in the morning),

-consciousness,

-regulate body temperature & Hunger (eating & drinking),

Connected to pituitary gland, regulates the pituitary gland in the centre of the brain

Front 30

Function of the pituitary gland

Back 30

Secrete hormones

Front 31

Explain basal ganglia

Back 31

Part of inner brainResponsible for initiating movement & smooth movement

Front 32

What is the brain stem composed of
- what is the function of each component?

Back 32

Mid brain - Relay sensory & motor info

Pons
- Bridge for info travel to/from brain several brain structures
- Regulates breathing rate/rhythm

Medulla
- Relay sensory & motor info
- Control vitals (heart rate, blood pressure & respiration)

Front 33

Function of the brainstem

Back 33

System for sensory info to reach thalamus/cerebellum 
& motor info to reach muscles via SC
Junction box for cranial nerves (part of PNS)

Afferent info crosses over brainstem during input Control over autonomic functions

(i.e. Breathing, Digestion, Heart rate, BP, Level of consciousness)

Front 34

What is the cerebellum

Back 34

-"little brain" Sits behind brainstem,

-under cerebrumcontains 2 hemispheres

-Grey matter on outside, white matter on inside (much like cerebrum)

-Works with brain to refine movements (smooth/coordinated)

Front 35

Functions of the cerebellum

Back 35

-Sends feedback to motor cortex 
(to stimulate or inhibit skeletal muscle),

-Postural control of:
muscles / balance / coordination
,

Directs the changes for refining movement, but does not MAKE the changes

Front 36

What are the cranial nerves

Back 36

Part of PNSWithin the skull but are outside of the skull

12 cranial nerves

Front 37

Function of the cranial nerves

Back 37

Control sensation & motor control of the head and neck

Front 38

What is Conus medullaris

Back 38

End of the spinal cord (between L2&L3)

Front 39

Explain ascending cranial nerves

Back 39

sensory tracts

Sensory receptors in skin and viscera to brain

Brings info to thalamus and then to the cerebrum

Front 40

Eplain descending cranial nerves

Back 40

motor tracts

Brain to muscles

Brings info from cerebrum, through thalamus to 
the periphery

Front 41

What does each spinal nerve contain

Back 41

both sensory & motor neurons serves a specific, constant segment of the body


Front 42

What is the total number of spinal nerves

Back 42

31 Nerves TOTAL:

Cervical = 8

Thoracic = 12

Lumbar = 5

Sacral = 5

Coccygeal = 1

Front 43

Which nerves are ascending / descending

Back 43

C1-C6 Ascend (come out ABOVE vertebra)

C1 = between occiput and C1)

C7-C8 Descend (come out BELOW vertebra)

Front 44

What is the PNS composed of

Back 44

Nerves (efferent & Afferent)

Front 45

What is the purpose of efferent VS afferent nerves?

Back 45

afferent - arriving = sensory

Efferent - exiting = motor

Front 46

What are efferent nerves composed of?

Back 46

Autonomic and somatic motor nerves

Front 47

Explain Autonomic nerves

Back 47

*Automatic (organs, glands, muscles) -

made up of parasympathetic & sympathetic

Front 48

Parasympathetic VS sympathetic

Back 48

Parasympathetic = rest&digest, slows things down

sympathetic= fight/flight, speeds things up

Front 49

How is a nerve impulse achieved

Back 49

( Info is xfr'd via electrical signals along the neuron & is carried to next neuron through a series of biochemical events)

1. Dendrite rcv's info, Neurotransmitter excites neuron starting electrical impulse,

2. electrical signal carries along the nerve with help from Myelin sheath,

3. signal sent to axon,

4. at synapse= release of chemical triggers of electrical impulse on the next neuron

**Electrical signal= down the neuron / Chemical Signal= in the synapse**

Front 50

Why is Myelin sheath important during nerve impulse conduction?

Back 50

-Speeds up transmission

-conduction by allowing nerve impulses to jump,

-if myelin sheath missing= signals are sent slower (i.e. MS)

Front 51

how does aging affect the PNS system?

Back 51

-Loss of neurons -Decreased capacity for sending nerve impulses to and from the brain (becomes harder to send msgs) -Information processing decreases -Conduction velocity decreases -Voluntary motor movements slow down -Reflex time increases -Altered vision, taste, hearing, smell and touch
(damaged proprioceptors)