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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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rhinorrhea =
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excessive discharge of mucous from the nose
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postnasal drainage =
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mucous draining from the nasal cavity into the pharynx
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septal deviation = septum not centered, =>
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nasal obstructions symps
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nasal polyps =
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localized, extremely edematous nasal or sinus mucosa
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intranasal steroid spray =
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intranasal *corticosteroids*
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intranasal steroid spray is used for:
(2) |
1. allergic rhinitis
2. vasomotor rhinosinusitis |
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2 features of intranasal steroid spray:
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1. do NOT have systemic effects
2. takes 6 weeks to reach full effectiveness |
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vasomotor rhinosinusitis =
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clear rhinorrhea without other allergic symps
- caused by leaking of fluid from dilated vessels |
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vasomotor rhinosinusitis is triggered by:
(3) |
1. Temp
2. Foods 3. Light |
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viral rhinosinusitis =
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the common cold
- treat symps (antipyretics, hydration, etc) - resolves in 7-10 days |
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bacterial rhinosinusitis =
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sinus symps lasting longer than 7-10 days
OR worsening after 5 days |
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m.c. causes of bacterial rhinosinusitis:
(3) |
1. Strep pneumo
2. H. flu 3. Moraxella Catarrhalis |
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treatment of bact. rhinosinusitis =
(2) |
1. Amoxicillin
2. TMP/SMX |
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acute rhinosinusitis = sinusitis lasting:
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30 days
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subacute rhinosinusitis = sinusitis lasting:
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30 days - 3 months
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cavernous sinus syndrome =
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thrombosis of the cavernous sinus
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pathophys of cavernous sinus syndrome =
(3) |
1. generally secondary to rhinosinusistis
2. retrograde spread of thrombophlebitis from draining facial veins to cavernous sinus 3. => results in paralysis of CN 3, 4, V1, V2, and 6 (all of which run through the cavernous sinus); |
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diagnosis of cavernous sinus syndrome =
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MRI/CT
- MRI better for seeing nerves/soft tissues - CT better for bone/air interface, |
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treatment of cavernous sinus syndrome =
(3) |
1. IV antibiotics
2. drainage of sinuses 3. anticoagulation |
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complications of frontal sinusitis:
(2) |
1. frontal lobe abscess
2. veins draining the frontal sinus connect to the dura, =>=> meningitis |
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2 complications of ethmoid sinusitis =
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1. periorbital cellulitis
2. periorbital abscess |
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3 complications of sphenoid sinusitis:
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1. cavernous sinus syndrome
2. opthalmoplegia 3. meningitis |
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rhinoplasty =
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controlled chiseled cuts of bone (osteotomie) to reshape the nose
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Samters Triad =
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1. asthma
2. nasal polyposis 3. aspirin allergy |
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opthalmoplegia =
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paralysis of the extraocular muscles
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rhinitis medicamentosa =
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prolonged use of decongestants that, after discontinuation, produce rebound effect of vasodilation, causing rhinitis symps to resume
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treatment of rhinitis medicamentosa =
(2) |
1. stop decongestant
2. use intranasal corticosteroids |
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maxillary alveolus =
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thickened ridge of bone that contains tooth sockets for upper teeth located in the maxilla
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Concha bullosa =
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pneumatization within a turbinate of the nose;
(pneumatization = air cavity within tissue) |
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features of concha bullosa =
(2) |
1. normal anatomic variant seen in up to 1/2 of the population
2. can lead to obstruction of sinus => *recurrent sinusitis* |
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osteomeatal complex =
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the region at which the maxillary sinus drains into the nose
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unicinectomy =
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removal of osteomeatal complex
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agger nasi cell = the most:
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most anterior ethoid sinus
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Inverted papilloma =
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benign tumor of the sinuses caused by HPV
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sign suggestive of inverted papilloma:
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1. *unilateral* sinusitis
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endotracheal intubation =
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placing a tube through the mouth into the trachea
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crepitus =
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grating, cracking, or popping sound;
can indicate air in subcutaneous tissue |
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cribiform plate = portion of the:
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ethmoid bone;
most superior portion of the nasal cavity separating it from the cranial vault |
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hemotympanum =
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presence of blood in the tympanic cavity of the middle ear;
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what does a hemotympanum indicate?
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temporal bone fracture
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malar fracture =
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fracture of the zygomatic bone
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Infraorbital nerve hypesthesia =
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decreased sensation in the distribution of the infraorbital nerve (the portion of the maxillary nerve after it enters the infraorbital canal)
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symps of infraorbital nerve hypesthesia:
(3) |
1. no sensation in lower eyelid
2. no sensation in upper lip 3. no sensation in part of the nasal vestibule |
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orbital blowout fracture =
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fracture of the walls or floor of the orbit;
=> intraorbital material may be pushed out into one of the paranasal sinuses |
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orbital blowout fracture m.c.ly caused by:
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blunt trauma of the head,
i.e. getting hit in the face with a baseball |
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septal hematoma =
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blood clot in nasal septum between perichondrium and cartilage that disrupts the nourishment to nasal cartilage
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treatment of septal hematoma =
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I and D and packing
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if septal hematoma is untreated, you risk:
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secondary inf,
usually with Staph. aureus |
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Lefort Fracture =
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fracture of the face (3 different types) resulting in maxillary instability
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cervical echymosis =
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bruising of the cervical region
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subcutaneous emphysema =
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air in the subcutaneous tissue; can occur from ruptured bronchus or trachea
(~~trauma) |
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Sjogren's Syndrome =
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AI dz against exocrine glands
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Sjogren's Syndrome typically manifests as:
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dry eyes, dry mouth
as the lacrimal and salivary glands are affected (xerostomia and keratoconjuctivitis) |
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3 features of Sjogren's Syndrome:
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1. associated with other rheumatologic dz's
2. may see parotid enlargement 3. anti-SSA, anti-SSB in serum |
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Bacterial Parotitis =
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bact inf of the parotid gland
- typically caused by S. Aureus - may see pus draining from Stensen's Duct |
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Sialolithiasis =
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salivary gland stones
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features of sialolithiasis =
(3) |
1. -radioopaque
2. m.c. in submandibular duct 3. can lead to obstruction of duct, => secondary bact. inf. of gland |
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m.c. benign tumor of the salivary gland =
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pleomorphic adenoma
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m.c. malignant tumor of the salivary glands =
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mucoepidermoid carcinoma
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adenoid cystic carcinoma =
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malignant tumor of the salivary glands
- has propensity to *invade nerves* |
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pyriform sinus squamous cell carcinoma =
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SCC of the pyriform sinus
(located in the hypopharynx lateral to the epiglottis) |
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Laryngeal papillomatosis =
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small tumors (papillomas) occurring in the larynx
- due to HPV serotypes **6 and 11** |
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otalgia =
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pain in the ear
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TMJ syndrome =
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syndrome of pain associated with muscles of mastication and TMJ
- palpation of the TMJ generally elicits pain |
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dysphagia =
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difficulty swallowing
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odynophagia =
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pain on swallowing
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unilateral serous otitis =
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fluid in the middle ear of only one side
- can be a sign of occult malignancy if present in adult w/o cold symptoms |
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epidermal inclusion cyst =
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benign cyst usually found on the skin developing from ectodermal tissue
- histo: thin layer of squamous epithelium |
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brachytherapy
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a form of radiotherapy where a radiation source is placed inside or next to the area requiring treatment
- => high localized dose |
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odontectomy =
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removal of teeth
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Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) =
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cancer of epithelial cells
= m.c. malignant neoplasm of the larynx |
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SCC tends to mets early to LN's; obtain a CXR upon diagnosis; if mets has occured to lungs/liver, therapy =
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palliative
- **but if mets is only to LN's, treatment = neck dissection** |
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selective neck dissection =
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surgery to remove only nodes, fat, and fascia in neck when mets from cancer is suspected
- vs. radical |
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radical neck dissection = removal of:
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nodes/fat/fascia
as well as SCM, IJV, and spinal accessory nerve |
