Neuro Part 1

Front 1

when a neuron is at rest, only ______________ are open

Back 1

leaky K+ channels

Front 2

voltage-gated Na+ channels are quick to open, slow to close; as they start to close, ____________________ open

Back 2

delayed K+ channels open

falling phase ~~ max amount of delayed K+ open

Front 3

"nuclei" =

Back 3

neuronal bodies = GRAY matter

Front 4

diencephalon, on top of midbrain, =

(3)

Back 4

thalamus + hypothalamus

(+ pineal gland, in b/w superior colliculi)

Front 5

cortex: inner portions =

Back 5

white matter

(AXONS + oligodendrocytes)

Front 6

BG = nuclei =

(3)

Back 6

caudate + putamen + gp

Front 7

striatum =

Back 7

caudate + putamen

Front 8

lenticulate nucleus =

Back 8

putamen + gp

Front 9

limbic system =

(4)

Back 9

hippo + fornix + mamillary bodies + amygdala

Front 10

2 features of the Corticospinal tract:

Back 10

1. motor (~~precentral gyrus)

2. *decussates in caudal medulla*

Front 11

Medial side of CS tract is supplied by:

Lateral side, by:

Back 11

ACA;

MCA

Front 12

5 symptoms of UMN lesion:

Back 12

1. weakness

2. spasticity

3. hypertonia

4. hyperreflexia

5. + Babinski

Front 13

paresis =

Back 13

partial weakness;

plegia = complete

Front 14

5 symptoms of LMN lesion:

Back 14

1. weakness

2. flaccid paralysis

3. fasciculations (twitching)

4. HYPOreflexia

5. atrophy

Front 15

CN's 2 and 8 have NO:

Back 15

motor component

Front 16

3 features of the ST tract:

Back 16

1. conveys PTLT

2. *decussates in the SC*

3. thalamus => PLIC => postcentral gyrus

Front 17

3 features of the DC/ML:

Back 17

1. FT/pos/vib

2. *decussates in the caudal medulla*

3. thalamus => PLIC => postcentral gyrus

Front 18

2 components of the DC/ML:

Back 18

fasciculus gracilis + cuneatus

Front 19

fasciculus gracilis:

(2)

Back 19

1. ~ LE's

2. Medial

Front 20

fasciculus cuneatus:

(2)

Back 20

1. UE's

2. Lateral

Front 21

pyramidal neurons =

Back 21

cortical/cerebral neurons = UMN's

Front 22

**CN nuclei and spinal MN's = **

Back 22

LMN's

Front 23

what kind of injury pattern does a SC injury show?

Back 23

MIXED pattern of injury;

UMN fibers below lesion, LMN's AT lesion don't work

Front 24

deep tendon reflex

Back 24

stretch reflex

Front 25

"primitive" reflexes ~~

(2)

Back 25

1. infants

2. secondary to UMN injury/abnl development
(called "pathological reflex" in this case)

Front 26

primitive reflexes are also subcortical, and some don't go away;

Back 26

e.g. knee-jerk = "lifespan" reflex

Front 27

encephalopathy =

Back 27

cerebral dz

Front 28

myelopathy =

Back 28

SC dz

Front 29

radiculopathy =

Back 29

nerve root dz

Front 30

vertigo MAY be a problem in:

Back 30

BS

(apart from inner ear, 8th nerve, or cerebellum)

Front 31

***if deficits occur in a DIFFERENT half of the head than in the body, the lesion is most likely in the:***

Back 31

BS

Front 32

***if deficits are bilateral and affect the entire body below a specific horizontal line, lesion is most likely in the:***

Back 32

SC

Front 33

if a deficit manifests in a strip or blob, lesion is likely in:

(3)

Back 33

1. nerve root

2. CN

3. peripheral nerve

Front 34

left side of brain ~~ ________________. right side ~~ __________________

Back 34

language;

visual-spatial (==> hemineglect)

Front 35

lesion in Broca's:

(4)

Back 35

1. frontal lobe

2. ~~ MOTOR aphasia

3. nl comprehension

4. abnl naming/rep, fluency

Front 36

lesion in Wernicke's:

(4)

Back 36

1. temporal lobe

2. ~~ SENSORY aphasia

3. comprehension, naming/rep abnl

4. fluency nl but nonsensical
- paraphrasic errors (similar word subbed)
- neologisms

Front 37

Broca's and Wernicke's are connected by:

Back 37

the arcuate fasciculus

Front 38

lesion of arcuate fasciculus =>

Back 38

CONDUCTION aphasia

Front 39

features of conduction aphasia:

(2)

Back 39

1. comprehension, fluency nl

2. naming/rep abnl

Front 40

motor cortex => CS tract, Corticobulbar tract;

CB pathway =

Back 40

fibers to LMN's of CN's

Front 41

sensory cortex receives:

(3)

Back 41

1. ST tract

2. DC/ML

3. trigeminal tract

Front 42

**the ACA supplies motor and sensory cortices of:**

Back 42

the **LE's**

Front 43

lesion in ACA =>

Back 43

contra weakness/sensory deficits of LE's

Front 44

distal/cortical branches of the MCA supply:

Back 44

UE/face sections of motor and sensory cortices

Front 45

lesion of distal/cortical branches of MCA =>

(3)

Back 45

1. contra weakness, sensory deficits of UE's and face

2. aphasia/apraxia is left side

3. hemineglect if right

Front 46

apraxia =

Back 46

inability to perform purposeful action

Front 47

lesion in proximal/deep branches of the MCA =>

(2)

Back 47

1. weakness/sensory deficits in UE's, LE's, and face

(via lenticulostriate branches to PLIC)

2. visual field deficits

(via branches to optic radiations)

Front 48

CN 3 innervates:

(5)

Back 48

superior, medial, and inferior rectus;

inferior oblique;

levator palpabrae superioris

Front 49

lesion in CN3 =>

(3)

Back 49

1. eye down and out

2. ipsilateral ptosis

3. ipsi dilated pupil

Front 50

CN 4 innervates:

lesion =>

Back 50

superior oblique (intorsion, depression)

- controls CONTRA eye

lesion => up and out

Front 51

CN 6 innervates:

Back 51

lateral rectus

Front 52

CN locations:

(3)

Back 52

3-4 in midbrain

5-8 in pons

9-12 in medulla

Front 53

cerebral peduncles are comprised of:

Back 53

descending motor pathways

=> CS, CB tracts

Front 54

2 parts of the midbrain (mesencephalon):

Back 54

1. substantia nigra

2. red nuclei

Front 55

***trigeminal pathway provides:***

Back 55

P/T/LT *AND* FT/pos/vib from CONTRA face (wrt cerebral cortex that gets those sensory signals)

(= DC/ML and ST tract for the face)

Front 56

**crossed syndrome** =

Back 56

ipsi CN deficit + contra extremity deficit (motor OR sensory)

Front 57

only CN 4 decussates; it exits:

Back 57

posteriorly, at the inferior colliculi

Front 58

CS and DC/ML =

Back 58

Medial tracts

- ST and descending, sympathetic fibers = Lateral tracts

Front 59

meningomyelocele =

Back 59

sac of meninges AND neural tissue (SC or nerve root)

Front 60

***Horner's syndrome***

(3)

Back 60

loss of sympathetic innervation:

1. ptosis
(loss of Muller's muscle)

2. miosis
(pupil constricted from loss of pup. dilator musc)

3. anhydrosis
(dec. sweating in ipsi face and neck)

Front 61

Arnold-Chiari =

Back 61

herniation of cerebellar tonsils through foramen magnum

~~ meningomyeloceles

Front 62

spina bifida can be prevented by taking folic acid;

Back 62

= neural tube defect/ vertebral arches fail to fuse

Front 63

**lesion in optic nerve shuts down:**

Back 63

visual field of the eye on the SAME SIDE

Front 64

the right visual field is processed by the LEFT side of each eyeball;

Back 64

right visual field = left temporal nerves + right nasal nerves

(check)

Front 65

nucleus ambiguous innervates:

Back 65

pharynx and larynx

Front 66

nystagmus =

Back 66

rapid involuntary movement of the eyes

Front 67

Lesions in the optic nerve lead to:

Back 67

total blindness in the same eye.

Front 68

Lesions of the optic tract lead to:

Back 68

contralateral hemianopsia

Front 69

Lesions in the parietal portion of optic radiation lead to:

Back 69

lower quadrantic hemianopsia

Front 70

lesions in the visual cortex lead to:

Back 70

contralateral hemianopsia with visual sparing

Front 71

the PREmotor area coordinates:

Back 71

movement of the hands

Front 72

Immediately superior to Broca's area are regions for:

Back 72

personality and memory storage

Front 73

exiting fibers of the occulomotor nerve pass through the _____________ on their way to the cavernous sinuses

Back 73

cerebral peduncles

Front 74

spinocerebellar tracts ~~

Back 74

unconscious proprioception

Front 75

diplopia =

Back 75

double vision

Front 76

MLF carries information about:

Back 76

which direction the eyes should move

Front 77

when the eyeball faces the nose, only the _________________________ can depress it

Back 77

superior oblique

Front 78

when the eyeball faces out, only the ____________________________ can depress it

Back 78

inferior rectus

Front 79

levator palpabrae ~~

Back 79

eyelid

Front 80

palatal rise is caused by ____________________ MUCH more than ____________________

Back 80

CN 10 much more than to CN 9

Front 81

taste in anterior 2/3 of tongue innervated by:

Back 81

facial nerve

Front 82

functions of CN 9:

(7)

Back 82

1. posterior 1/3 taste

2. sensation over the palate,

3. tonsils

4. pharynx

5. the middle ear;

6. receptors in the carotid body.

7. Parasympathetic component ~~ salivary secretion from the parotid gland

Front 83

astrocytes =

Back 83

fibroblasts of the CNS, which react to anything pathological insult by _____________ check

Front 84

microglia =

Back 84

macrophages of the CNS

Front 85

olidodendroglia = oligodendrocytes =

Back 85

myelinating cells of the CNS

(Schwann ~~ PNS)

Front 86

ependyma =

Back 86

simple epithelium that separates brain matter from CSF

Front 87

Wallerian degeneration =

Back 87

deg. of an axon DISTAL to site of injury

Front 88

cytotoxic edema =

Back 88

water crossing an *intact* BBB due to osmotic forces

Front 89

m.c.c. of noncommunicating hydrocephalus =

Back 89

complete obstruction of cerebral aqueduct

Front 90

non-communicating hydropcephalus ==> ____________________ subarachnoid space

Back 90

DECREASED subarachnoid space

(opposite in communicating hydrocephalus)

Front 91

communicating hydrocephalus is caused by:

Back 91

failure to reabsorb CSF

Front 92

in communicating hydrocephalus, _______ _____ __________________ dilate

Back 92

ALL the ventricles dilate

- can be inc. P or nl. Pressure

Front 93

Nl pressure (communicating) hydrocephalus =

Back 93

*gradual* enlargement of ventricles, leading to dementia, incontinence, and gait impairment in the ELDERLY

Front 94

hydrocephalus ex vacou =

Back 94

enlargement of ventricles due to loss of brain parenchyma

Front 95

syringomyelia =

Back 95

deg. of the SC that manifests in a fluid-filled cyst

Front 96

holoprosencephaly =

Back 96

forebrain does not divide

= one mass instead of two hemispheres

Front 97

lissencephaly =

Back 97

a type of congenital microcephaly that results in a smooth brain surface due to no gyri

Front 98

periventricular leukomalacia

Back 98

damage to deep periventricular white matter due to pre/neonatal hypoxia

Front 99

choroid plexus: found within:

Back 99

ventricles

- produces CSF

Front 100

arachnoid villi function:

Back 100

reabsorb CSF

==> dural venous sinuses

Front 101

what is measured in the amniotic fluid and maternal blood to detect neural tube defects?

Back 101

aFP

(abnl amounts)

Front 102

prosencephalon ==> forebrain =>

Back 102

cerebral cortex

Front 103

The prosencephalon subdivides early, shortly after the neural tube closes. Problems with this subdivision can cause a spectrum of abnormalities called:

Back 103

holoprosencephaly (indicating that they affect the entire cerebrum)

=> absent corpus callosum and a single ventricle that spans the midline

Effects on the skull and face are almost the opposite of those seen in anencephaly: dorsal and posterior parts of the skull are present but baby has marked facial abnormalities (e.g. cyclops)

Front 104

any lesion before the optic chiasm will only show up in:

Back 104

ONE eye