Neuro- Nts And Receptors

Front 1

you are a NT if..

Back 1

1. made in a neuron
-present in presyn terminal
2. released during depolarization
-AP depend, Ca depend, vessicles
3. act on rec and cause biological effect
4. have a mechanism for termination

Front 2

Small MW NTs

Back 2

1. Ach
2. AA- Glu, Gly, GABA
3. Biogenic Amines- DOPA, NE, Epi, Serotonin, His
4. Nucleotides- ATP, ADP

Front 3

Principle NT of CNS

Principle NT of brainstem and SC

Back 3

Glu and GABA

Gly

Front 4

ATP


Adenosine

Back 4

often found in vessicles that contain other NT- co-released

feeds back on presyn terminal

Front 5

Caffeine

Back 5

blockes adenosine feedback to presyn membrane

Front 6

Neuropeptides

Back 6

enkaphalins, endorphins
involved in pain

Front 7

Unconventional Class of NT

Back 7

not in vessicle
retrograde signaling (post->Pre)
might not be localized

Front 8

Types of unconventional NTs

Back 8

1. NO/CO- ie NO act gunaylate cyclase->inc cGMP-> vasodial
2. Endocanabinoids- from arach acid- retrograde- act back on presyn memb to enhance/depress
-lipid permeable, ~THC

Front 9

Difference in synthesis
1. Neuropeptides
2. Small molecule

Back 9

1. synth IN the cell body, put into vessicles and trans by FAST axonal transport
2. synth in presyn terminal, NZMs trans by SLOW axonal trans from cell body to terminal
-synth and packaging in terminal

Front 10

Small Vessicles (FAST)

Dense-Core Vessicles

Back 10

30-40nm in diameter

2xs the diameter- do NOT dock in the active zone. they are further back in terminal

Front 11

what do Dense-core vessicles need differently?

what do they have to overcome?

Back 11

prolonged Ca signal for vessicle fusion. fuse away from active zone
HIGHER AFFINITY ca sensor

*overcome high Ca buffering in terminal

Front 12

Everyday working NT

Back 12

Glu, Gly, GABA

Front 13

Glu in the cortex

Back 13

used in projection neurons
major excit NT in CNS

Front 14

GABA

Back 14

used in both Local and Projection neurons, but mostly in local circuit(interneurons)

major inhib NT

Front 15

Gly

Back 15

major inhib NT in brainstem/SC
basically like GABA
effector is Cl gated ion channel

Front 16

Glu Shuttle

Back 16

glu diffuses away from synapse, taken up by Astrocytes, coverted to Gln, resent to presyn terminal, resynth to Glu

Front 17

GABA Synthesis

Back 17

associated w/ Kreb's Cycle

glu-->GABA via Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase
GAD nzm

Front 18

Ach

Back 18

5% of neurons in brain
impt effects in brainstem
most motor nuclei use Ach
Ventral Horn alpha motor neurons

Front 19

3 Main CNS areas with high density Ach

Back 19

1. Septal Nuclei- to HC and Fornix. projects to limbic sys
2. Nucleus Basalis- alz disease
3. Striatum

Front 20

General Importance of Ach

Back 20

cognition and memory

septal nuclei input to HC critical

Front 21

Norepinephrine

Back 21

1% of neurons in brain
from Locus Ceruleus to everywhere in brain
some desending effects to SC

Front 22

General Importance of NE


fast or slow?

Back 22

attention, alertness, ciradian rhythms, memory, mood

Regulate vast areas, are SLOW

Front 23

Serotonin (5-HT)

Back 23

1% of neurons in brain: asc/desc

Ascending: DRN to all regions
Desc: caudal RN to SC

Front 24

General importance of 5-HT

Back 24

mood, sleep/wake, pain modulation

SSRIs affect mood

Front 25

Which NT regulate circadian rhythms?

Back 25

NE, Serotonin, Ach

Front 26

Dopamine (3% of Neurons in brain)

Back 26

SN->Striatum- mostly motor/mvmt
Ventral Teg to Amygdala/nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex
-largely motivation
Arcuate Nuc to median eminence of hypothalmus
-regulates GnRH

Front 27

General Importance of Dopamine

Back 27

mvmt, motivation, sex hormones

mainly from projections of substantia nigra and ventral tegmentum

Front 28

Dominant role in motivation behavior

Back 28

Ventral Tegmentum projectsion
-dopamine

Front 29

Synthesis of Dopamine

Back 29

Tyr->L-Dopa via Tyr Hydroxlyase
L-DOPA->Dopamine via Dopamine decarboxylase

Dopamine->NE DBH

Front 30

Ritalin

Back 30

acts in similar way to coccaine at dopamine reuptake site

Front 31

MAOs

Back 31

monamine oxidases

some drugs block reuptake of serotonin, etc
can also inhibit w/i cells

Front 32

2 Types of NT receptors

Back 32

Ionitropic (Ligand-Gated Rec)

Metabotropic Rec (GPCR)

Front 33

Ionitropic Receptors

2 types

Back 33

Ligand-gated receptors
bind NT, open channel

1. excitatory non-sel cations
2. Inhibitory- chloride

Front 34

Metabotropic Rec

Back 34

GCPRs, indirect
bound to heteromeric complexes
activation rel subunity which modulates an ion channel

alpha, beta, gamma subunits

Front 35

Receptors use both ionitropic and metabotropic

just ionitropic

just metabotropic

Back 35

Glu, Ach, GABA, Serotonin


Glycine

Dopamine, NE : much slower repsonse

Front 36

agonist

gating

Antagonists

Back 36

activates/opens rec when it binds
open/closing of the channel

competitive, non-comp, partial

Front 37

competitive

noncomp

partial

Back 37

blocks the binding site, overcome with high conc
acts at dfft site

mimic but dont produce full effect

Front 38

2 Families of Ligang Gated Channels

Back 38

1. Glutamate Family
-3memb spanning domains
-4 multimers
2. All others
-4memb spanning domains
-5 multimers

Front 39

Benzodiazipines and barbituates

Back 39

GABA is the site

Front 40

Channelopathies

Back 40

congenital myesthenia
affects open/closing of channel

Front 41

GPCR


cytoplasmic domain

Back 41

7 TMspanning domains, 0subunits
NOT heteromeric, single subunit?

interacts with Gprot

can work through 2nd messenger system, CASCADES

Front 42

Cholera Toxin


Pertussis Toxin

Back 42

stabilizes Galpha subunit. prolongs action

stabilizes interaction of rec and heterodimer. Inhibits action of G protein

Front 43

Gprotein Splits

Back 43

int Galpha and Gbeta/gamma

beta/gamma moves along membrane and interacts iwth other channels- ie Ca chan

Front 44

Gating of Pain information

Back 44

involves enkephalins and Gbeta/gamma proteins regulating calcium channels

Front 45

Renshaw Cell

Back 45

ventral horn of spinal cord

interneuron

uses glycine