Neuro Midterm

Front 1

Nernst Equation at 20C? at body temp?

Back 1

E = (58/Z) log ([out]/[in])

E = (61/Z) log ([out]/[in])

Front 2

Driving force equation?

Back 2

Vdf = Vm - Eion

Front 3

The marginal zone is the __________ and the mantle zone is the __________

Back 3

The marginal zone is the white matter and the mantle zone is the gray matter

Front 4

In the brainstem:
only ___________ are derived from somites and ________ organization is largely lost

Back 4

only the eye and the tongue are derived from somites and segmental organization is largely lost

Front 5

__________ neuroblasts migrate dorsally and fuse at the midline
Neuroblasts migrate through the marginal layer to form the ___________

Back 5

Alar plates neuroblasts migrate dorsally and fuse at the midline
Neuroblasts migrate through the marginal layer to form the cerebellar cortex

Front 6

The diencephelaon begins as _______

Back 6

The diencephelaon begins as two alar plates

Front 7

Telencephalon:
comprised entirely of ________

Back 7

Telencephalon:
comprised entirely of alar plate

Front 8

Disproportionate growth between the _____ and the _______ poles of the cerebral hemispheres causes the cerebral hemispheres to appear as if they have rotated, forming a c-shape about a central axis. This central axis is called the __________

Back 8

Disproportionate growth between the frontal and the temporal poles

insular cortex

Front 9

The lumen of the neural tube becomes the

Back 9

CSF filled cavities:

ventricles and central canal

Front 10

neuroepithelium is classified as?

Back 10

pseudostratified epithelium

Front 11

With the establishment of the mantle layer, the germinal epithelium is renamed the __________, which later becomes the _______________ that lines the fluid-filled cavities of the adult CNS

Back 11

ventricular zone which later becomes the ependymal layer

Front 12

Alar plate = ?

basal plate =?

Back 12

alar = sensory

basal = motor

Front 13

The _____ flexure splays the neural tube open

The _____ flexure is the only one that remains in adulthood

Back 13

potine splays

cephalic stays

Front 14

Why does the brain have gray matter on the outside?

Back 14

Because the marginal zone gets invaded by neuroblasts

Front 15

important fiber bundles use the ________ as a bridge to travel between hemispheres?

Back 15

lamina terminalis

Front 16

Rhombencephalon becomes?

Back 16

myencephalon and metencephalon

4th ventricle

Front 17

myencephalon = ?

metencehpalon = ?

Back 17

myencephalon = medulla

metencehpalon = pons + cerebellum

Front 18

Mesencephalon becomes?

Back 18

cerebral aqueduct
superior and inferior colliculi
tegmentum

Front 19

Proencephalon becomes

Back 19

diencephelon and the telencephalon

Front 20

the diencephalon contains

Back 20

most of the 3rd ventricle
epi, hypo, sub, and thalamus
optic nerve + retina
post. pituitary
pineal gland

Front 21

telencephalon contrains

Back 21

Lateral ventricles + some of 3rd ventricle
cerebral cortex
basal ganglia
hippocampus
amygdala
olfactory bulb

Front 22

What kind of dye does nissl stain use? What does it stain?

Back 22

positively charged dyes (basic dyes: cresyl violet, thionin) to stain negatively-charged cell components

1. The neuron is highly active!
2. It is making proteins!
3. There are the hint of processes extending from the cell body

Front 23

lightly stained nucleus in a nissl stain?

nissl bodies?

Back 23

transcriptionally active

nissl bodies = rER

Front 24

fiber stain uses? stains?

Back 24

stains myelin sheaths of axons via luxol fast blu or hematoxylin

Front 25

silver stains

Back 25

stains the cytoskeletal elements (e.g., neurofilaments – structure; microtubules- structure and intracellular trafficking)

Front 26

Golgi stains?

does it stain myelin?

Back 26

appear black: only stains ~5% of nerves so you can see the axonal processes

doesn't stain myelin; used in embryos to see unmylenated tracts

Front 27

Intracellular filling?

Back 27

horseradish peroxidase or lucifer yellow

stain only ONE neuron but can see the whole thing

Front 28

dendrite branch angle?

axon branch/colateral angle?

Back 28

dendrite = less than 90deg

axon = 90 deg

Front 29

cellular components the axon DOESNT contain?

Back 29

no ER or free ribosomes

Front 30

dendrite cellular components?

Back 30

same as cell body except for neurofillaments

Front 31

Asymmetric synapse?

Back 31

aka type 1

excitatory
round vesicles
wide cleft

Front 32

symmetric synapse?

Back 32

aka type 2

inhibitory
pleomorphic vesicles
narrow cleft

Front 33

anterograde transport via?

Back 33

Mediated by a motor protein called kinesin

Front 34

retrograde transport?

Back 34

Mediated by the motor protein dynein

Front 35

Golgi type 1 =

Golgi type 2 =

Back 35

Golgi type 1 = relay neruons

Golgi type 2 = interneurons

Front 36

TTX is from the ______ and blocks?

Back 36

TTX = puffer fish

blocks extracellular portion of NA channel

Front 37

TEA (tetraethylammonium) blocks?

Back 37

K channels on the inside of the cell

Front 38

axoaxonic synapse is usually ________

axospinous synapse is usually ______

Back 38

axoaxonic - usually inhibitory

axospinous - usually excitatory

Front 39

What space contains CSF?

Back 39

subarachnoid

Front 40

filum terminale attaches to

denticulate ligaments attach to

Back 40

filum terminale = dura

denticulate ligaments = vertebral column

Front 41

Motor groups:
dorsal to ventral = ?

medial to lateral = ?

Back 41

dorsal to ventral = flexors to extensors

medial to lateral = trunk to hand

Front 42

microglia

Back 42

Small phagocytes with multiple pseudopodia

immunological surveillance and patrol; first responders

Front 43

In the CNS, a single oligodendrocyte myelinates _________ in the peripheral nervous system, one Schwann cell myelinates __________

Back 43

In the CNS, a single oligodendrocyte myelinates multiple axons in the peripheral nervous system, one

Schwann cell myelinates one internode of myelin

Front 44

Two types of astrocytes

Protoplasmic = ?

Fibrous =?

Back 44

Protoplasmic = Grey Matter

Fibrous = White Matter

Front 45

Functions of astrocytes?

Back 45

-structure; fill up the space between neuronal processes
-Maintain stable ionic medium around neurons
-Provide metabolic support to neurons
-Proliferate and form scar in regions of CNS damage

Front 46

astrocyte lining of all external surfaces and blood vessel is called the

Back 46

glial limitans

Front 47

_________ connect large populations of astrocytes

Back 47

gap junctions

Front 48

Dura mater is comprised of thick sheets of ______ and is the only layer that is ______ sensitive

Back 48

Dura mater is comprised of thick sheets of collagen and is the only layer that is pain sensitive

Front 49

Falx cerebri – between?

Tentorium cerebelli – between?

Back 49

Falx cerebri – between the cerebral hemipsheres

Tentorium cerebelli – between the cerebrum and the cerebellum

Front 50

CSF contents compared to blood?

Back 50

NOT ultrafiltrate:

-a lot less protein
-Na is higher
-K and Ca are lower
-less glucose

Front 51

Flow of CSF?

Back 51

• Lateral ventricles
• Foramen of Monroe
• Third Ventricle
• Cerebral Aqueduct
• Fourth Ventricle
• Foramen of Magendie and the Foramina of Lushka
• Subarachnoid Space

Front 52

locations where there is no blood brain barrier

Back 52

– Area postrema
– The pineal gland and hypothalamus
– Subfornical organ

Front 53

The ________ is responsible for the BBB

Back 53

specialized epithelium of the choroid plexus

Front 54

_______________ are specialized ependymal cells that surround and isolate the circumventricular regions in which there is no blood brain barrier from the CSF. They are coupled by __________

Back 54

Tanycytes

tight junctions.

Front 55

T (time constant) =?

Back 55

T = RC

Front 56

Rinternal is inversely proportional to?

Back 56

area

Ri ~> 1/pi r*r

Front 57

Rmembrane is inversely proportional to?

Back 57

circumference

R. ~> 1/2piR

Front 58

The space constant is proportional to?

Back 58

directly proportional to Rm

inversely proportional to Ri

Lambda = Rm/Ri

Front 59

Brown-Séquard Syndrome

Back 59

Complete lateral spinal hemisection: Involves damage to one side of the cord all the way to the midline

-Motor = same side as lesion
-touch, vibration, pressure, position = same side as lesion
-Pain + temp = opposite side of lesion

Front 60

Syringomyelia

Back 60

disease of the central part of the spinal cord in which a tube-like enlargement (a type of elongated cavity or cyst called syrinx, which in Greek means tube) develops in the central canal at cervical or lumbar levels.

Front 61

Syringomyelia clinical findings?

Back 61

pain and temp = bilaterally lost (commisure is compressed)

touch, vibration, pressure, position = normal

bilateral weakness and atrophy

Front 62

SNARE proteins:

Synapsin
Synaptobrevin
synataxin
SNAP-25
Synaptomagin

Back 62

o Synapsin – maintains available reserve pool and mobilises vesicles
o Synaptobrevin, synataxin and SNAP-25 mediate docking of vesicle to release site (active zone)
o Synaptomagin sense elevation of calcium and trigger to release of contents

Front 63

Somatic ACh receptor? blocked by?

Back 63

N1

blocked by curare

Front 64

autonomic preganglionic ACh receptor? blocked by?

Back 64

N2

hexamethonium

Front 65

Postganglionic ACh receptor? blocked by?

Back 65

M

atropine

Front 66

Postganglionic ACh is used in the sympathetic system where?

Back 66

blood vessels and sweat glands

Front 67

Gq?

Back 67

activates phospholipase C = IP3 + DAG = Ca++ = PKC activation

Front 68

G-olf?

Back 68

increases cAMP -> cAMP binds DIRECTLY to Na channels

Front 69

Gt?

Back 69

rhodopsin → Gt (transducin) → PDE → cGMP hydrolysis → (-) gNa

Front 70

Nicotinic ACh-R effects?

Back 70

Ligand gated; increases gNa, gK, gCa = depolarization

Front 71

Muscarinic ACh-R

Back 71

metabotropic 2nd messenger

M1 = increases in IP3 = decrease in gK + increase on gCa = depolarization

Front 72

Dopamine 1 receptor?

D2?

Back 72

D1 = Gs = increases cAMP

D2 = Gi = decreases cAMP

Front 73

schizophrenia and dopamine receptors

Back 73

too many D4 and D2 receptors

Front 74

Serotonin receptor type?

Back 74

all are GPCRs except 5-HT3 which is ionotropic

Front 75

Glutamate receptors?

Back 75

Kainate
AMPA
NMDA

Front 76

Unique feature of NMDA channels?

Back 76

voltage AND ligand gated

pore is blocked by Mg++

Front 77

GABA-A mechanism?

GABA-B mechanism?

Back 77

GABA-A = ionotropic = increases gCl

GABA-B = metabotropic = Gi = decreases gCa and increases gK

Front 78

Glycine mechanism of inhibition?

Back 78

increases gCl

Front 79

_________ and _________ are formed from POMC and bind to

Back 79

B-endorphin and Enkephalin bind to opiate receptors

Front 80

NO mechanism?

Back 80

NO activates Guanylate cyclase = cGMP increases = activates cGMP kinase = phospharylates proteins involved in muscle contraction = RELAXATION

Front 81

Fast stinging pain: fiber type? tract?

Back 81

Fiber = A-delta

Tract = neospinothalamic

Front 82

Slow burning pain: fiber type? tract?

Back 82

fiber = C

tract = paleospinothalamic

NOT somatotopically organized

Front 83

Where are the CELL BODIES of the neospinothalamic system?

Back 83

cell bodies are in Lamina I and V

Front 84

Where are the CELL BODIES of the paleospinothalamic system?

Back 84

Lamina V and VI-VIII

Front 85

Endogenous Suppression of Nociception pathway?

Back 85

1. WDR neurons excited by afferent pain fibers
2. WDR neurons activate PAG neurons via spinomesencephalic tract
3. PAG neurons release enkephalin = Enkephalin inhibits other PAG neurons which normally inhibit serotonergic NRM neurons
4. Serotonergic Nucleus Raphe Magnus (NRM) neurons become activated (i.e. dis-inhibited)
5. Descending serotonergic NRM neurons excite enkephalinergic interneurons in the spinal cord = Release of enkephalin reduces activity in afferent pain fibers AND in WDR neurons

Front 86

NSAID method of action?

Back 86

Reversible acetylation and inactivation of cyclo-oxygenase (COX)

COX 1 + 2 = OTC stuff
COX 2 = prescription stuff
COX 3 = tylenol

Front 87

Salt

Taste channel mechanism? inhibitor?

Back 87

Ion channel for Na+

inhibited by amiloride

Front 88

Sour 1

Taste channel mechanism? inhibitor?

Back 88

H+ blocks K channels -> potassium cant leak out -> depolarization

Front 89

Sour 2

Taste channel mechanism? inhibitor?

Back 89

H+ flows through amiloride sensitive Na channels

inhibited by amiloride

Front 90

Bitter 1

Taste channel mechanism? inhibitor?

Back 90

bitter substrates (divalent salts; qunine) block efflux of K+ = depolarization

Front 91

Bitter 2

Taste channel mechanism? inhibitor?

Back 91

bitter substrate (dentatonium) works through G-protein Gustducin -> IP3 -> Ca++

Front 92

Sweet

Taste channel mechanism? inhibitor?

Back 92

Act either through PLC -> IP3 -> Ca++ (sweetners)

or

G-protein -> cAMP -> direct phospharylation/binding/blocking of K channel

Front 93

Glutamate

Taste channel mechanism? inhibitor?

Back 93

Gi --> decreased cAMP -> depolarization

Front 94

When they lose the inhibitory influence of the UMN, the LMNs?

Back 94

LMNs do what comes naturally- which is
to continously fire trains of action potentials, increasing the tone of the muscles and resulting in brisk reflexes.

Front 95

UMN dysfunction signs

Back 95

-Weakness:
Extensor > Flexor (UE)
Flexor > Extensor (LE)

-Increased Tone / Spasticity
-Hyperreflexic
-Normal muscle bulk
-No Fasciculations

Front 96

LMN dysfunction signs

Back 96

Weakness (Segmental / Regional)
Flaccid Tone
Reduced or Areflexic
Atrophy
Fasciculations

Front 97

eye movemnts during:

rotational acceleration?
constant velocity rotation?
Rotational deceleration?

Back 97

acceleration = vestibular nystagmus

constant velocity = eyes move with head

deceleration = post rotary nystagmus

Front 98

In the utricle the macula is approximately _________ when the body is upright and that in the saccule is _______

Back 98

In the utricle the macula is approximately horizontal when the body is upright and that in the saccule is vertical

Front 99

saccula = _____ acceleration

utricle = ______ accerlation

Back 99

saccula = vertical acceleration

utricle = horizontal acceleration

Front 100

When you rotate the head, which canal is excited?

Back 100

Canals on the SAME side as the direction of movement are excited:

Rotate right = right canal excited

Front 101

Unilater lesion of the lateral vestibulospinal tract will result in ?

Back 101

stumbling and falling on the ipsilateral side

Front 102

lesion of higher brain centers effect on LVST?

Back 102

increased extensor muscle tone = decerebate rigidity

Front 103

VestibuloCervical Reflex?

CervicoColic Reflex?

Back 103

VCR Stabilize head position in space

CCR Stabilize head position relative to trunk

Front 104

Major output from the cerebellum to the vestibular nucleus = ____________ → modulate the effects of ?

Back 104

Major output from the cerebellum to the vestibular nucleus = inhibitory → modulate the effects of lateral vestibular nucleus on antigravity muscles

Front 105

Fastigial nucleus effect on vestibular nuclei is?

Back 105

Fastigial nucleus, however, like all deep cerebellar nuclei is EXCITATORY.

Front 106

Sound Pressure Level =

for every _______ increase in pressure, add ____ decibels

Back 106

20 x log10(P/Preference)

for every ten-fold increase in pressure, add 20 decibels

Front 107

decrease in pressure effect on basilar membrane?

Back 107

basilar membrane rises = cilia toward largest cilium = depolarization

Front 108

increase in pressure effect on basilar membrane?

Back 108

basilar membrane lowers = cilia away from largest cilium = hyperpolarization

Front 109

From the cochlear ganglion, the sensory afferents end in large axon terminals called ___________, which synapse on the __________ of the ventral Cochlear Nucleus (vCN).

Back 109

From the cochlear ganglion, the sensory afferents end in large axon terminals called end bulbs of Held, which synapse on the “bushy cell” of the ventral Cochlear Nucleus (vCN).

Front 110

interneural level differences mechanism

Back 110

the CN will excite the ipsilateral LSO, and the contralateral MNTB(Medial Nuclear Trapzoidal Body). Upon excitation, contralateral MNTB will inhibit contralateral LSO.

Front 111

Tonotopic organization is seen in the

Back 111

CN, IC, MGB, and primary auditory cortex.

Front 112

Tonotopic organization of Cochlear Nucleus

Back 112

Ventral regions → lower frequencies

Dorsal region → higher frequencies

Front 113

Tonotopic organization of Inferior Colliculus

Back 113

Ventral → high frequencies

Dorsal → low frequencies

Front 114

Tonotopic organization of Primary auditory cortex

Back 114

Rostral end of A1 → low frequencies

Caudal end of A1 → high frequencies.

Front 115

Right Hemisphere =?

Left Hemisphere =?

Back 115

Right Hemisphere - musical and non-speech sounds, processing speech inflection (emotion, sarcasm, etc.)

Left Hemisphere - speech, sense of pitch, recognizing and syntactic processing musical sounds

Front 116

Wernicke’s area

Back 116

function: comprehension of spoken and written human language

lesion - inability to understand language and produce meaningful speech

Front 117

Broca’s area

Back 117

function: motor aspect of speech

lesion - can’t get the words out, even though they can understand and comprehend language

Front 118

space constant is proportional to

Back 118

the square root of (Rm/Ri+Ro)

Front 119

synaptobrevin is located ?

syntaxin and SNAP 25 are located?

Back 119

synaptobrevin = vesicle

syntaxin and SNAP 25 = plasma membrane

Front 120

Within a taste bud there are four types of cells:

Type 1 and 2 are ?
Type 3 is ?
Type 4 is ?

Back 120

Type 1 and 2 are supporting cells with microvili
Type 3 is the actual sensory receptor cell
Type 4 is a basal cell

Front 121

Olfactory molecule binds receptor → Golf activated → ????

Back 121

Olfactory molecule binds receptor → Golf activated → ↑cAMP → Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated (CNG) Channel (cAMP-gated channel) opens → Influx of Ca and Na → Ca-sensitive Cl channel opens → Cl moves out of the cell → Depolarization → APs → Conduction of APs to olfactory bulb

Front 122

Desensitization of olfactory receptors?

Back 122

Calmodulin binds Ca -> Ca-CaM interacts with CNG so that CNG can't bind cAMP as well -> receptor turns off even though cAMP remains high

Front 123

Connectivity of the Dorsal Cochlear nuc?

Back 123

contains tonotopic maps
projects to the ipsi and contralateral Inf colliculus

Front 124

Connectivity of the Ventral Cochlear nuc?

Back 124

contains tonotopic maps
projects bilaterally to SOC
receives endbulbs of held
projects to SOC w/calyceal endings

Front 125

Connectivity of the Trapezoid body

Back 125

Decussating projections from CN to the contralateral SOC

Front 126

Conncetivity of the SOC?

Back 126

• Medial superior olive
(MSO)
• Lateral superior olive
(LSO)
• Medial nucleus of the
trapezoid body (MNTB)

Front 127

dorsomarginal nucleus

Back 127

associated with light touch, pain, and temperature sensation
one site of origin of the ventral and lateral spinothalamic tracts

Front 128

substantia gelatinosa

Back 128

termination of pain afferents
receives thinly or non-myelinated axons from DRGs
contains only small neurons whose axons travel in the lateral portion of Lissauer’s tract

Front 129

nucleus proprius

Back 129

in the intermediate zone of the dorsal horn
abundant interneurons and tract neurons of various sizes
functions related to reflex circuitry and pain signals

Front 130

The rubrospinal tract projects primarily to

Back 130

distal flexor muscles

Front 131

Tectospinal tract function?

Back 131

Orienting responses to moving visual stimuli

Front 132

Reticulospinal tract fxn?

Back 132

regulating AXIAL muscles and adjustment of posture

Front 133

Raphespinal tract fxn? origin?

Back 133

modulates pain

serotnergic raphe nuclei