Neuro Midterm

Front 1

Gyrus: (elevations/depressions)?

Back 1

elevation

Front 2

Sulcus/ Fissure: (elevation/depressions)?

Back 2

depression

Front 3

Connects occipital and frontal lobes

Back 3

Superior longitudinal fasciculus

Front 4

connects temporal and occipital lobes

Back 4

inferior longitudinal fasciculus

Front 5

c-shaped fiber tract connecting the temporal, parietal, and frontal lobes

connects auditory areas with broca's area

Back 5

arcuate fasciculus

Front 6

short fiber tract connecting orbitofrontal cortex with temporal lobe

Back 6

uncinate fasciculus

Front 7

c-shaped fiber tract connecting the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobe

main connection pathway for limbic functions

Back 7

cingulum

Front 8

(internal capsule)

what is the site for fibers that descend to innervate cranial nuclei (important for speech motor processes)

Back 8

genu

Front 9

What makes up the striatum?

Back 9

putamen + caudate nucleus

Front 10

What makes up the lentiform/lenticular nucleus?

Back 10

putamen + globus pallidus

Front 11

Where is the input to the basal ganglia?

-Receives afferents from all four lobes of the cortex, thalamic nuclei, and pars compacta

Back 11

Striatum (putamen + caudate nucleus)

Front 12

Where is the output for the basal ganglia?

Back 12

usually projected to the thalamus, brainstem, reticular formation, superior colliculus, and cortical motor areas in the frontal lobe

Front 13

What is the function of basal ganglia?

Back 13

-Movement coordination/sequencing
-Voluntary movement
-Initiation of speech motor programs

Front 14

What happens with damage to the striatum?

Back 14

articulatory sequencing deficit, neurogenic stuttering

Front 15

This disease is characterized by:

degeneration of the pars compacta which results in the reduction of the availability of dopamine. Results in hypokinesia (reduced motor movements)

Back 15

PArkinsons

Front 16

Damage in the BG pathways may reduce excitatory input from subthalamic nucleus to the globus pallidus, which in turn leads to decreased inhibitory input to the thalamus

Result in abnormal increase in involuntary movements- hyperkinesia

Back 16

Huntingtons

Front 17

What can damage to the cerebellum lead to?

Back 17

Ataxic dysarthria

(irregular articulatory breakdown, slow rate, prosodic changes, harshness, excessive loudness, voice tremor)

Front 18

Tectum=

Back 18

Superior and inferior colliculi

Front 19

tegmentum=

Back 19

all ascending and many descending systems of the spinal cord or lower brainstem

Front 20

define pyramidal decussation:

Back 20

formed by the decussation of motor fibers traveling from the precentral gyrus to the spinal cord

Front 21

define dermatomes

Back 21

area of skin innervated by afferent fibers from a single spinal cord segment

Front 22

Hydrocephalus:

Back 22

disassociation between production and absorption rate of the CSF

Front 23

What is the primary cause of arterial occlusion?

Back 23

Atherosclerosis

Front 24

Where do superficial veins drain into?

Back 24

-Superior sagittal sinus
-Cavernous sinus

Front 25

Where do deep veins drain?

Back 25

Great vein of galen

Front 26

Where do all venous drainage eventually reach?

Back 26

Internal jugular veins

Front 27

Channels that open and close by voltage-sensitive mechanism

Back 27

voltage-gated

Front 28

chennels that open and close in the presence of chemicals or neurotransmitters. sometimes opening of these depends on depolarization caused by the voltage

Back 28

ligand-sensitive-gated

Front 29

At this state the cell is not responding to any outside influences and it is not firing an impulse

Back 29

resting potential

Front 30

pumps open __ side of a membrane at a time

Back 30

one

Front 31

What is the most important neuronal pump

Back 31

sodium-potassium

Front 32

this provides energy to a cell along an electrical gradient powered by positively charged ions (cations) and negatively charged ions (anions)

Back 32

sodium-potassium

Front 33

Caused by an influx of positively charged sodium ions. Means that the inside of the cell becomes less negative than at resting relative to the outside of the cell

Back 33

Depolarization

Front 34

What must an adequate stimulus do to the membrane of a neuron to get it to act?

Back 34

1) cause channels to open
2) allow movement of the ions across the cell membrane, effecting a change in the relative charge across the membrane

Front 35

What are graded potentials

Back 35

primarily generated by sensory input, causing a change in the conductance of the membrane of the sensory receptor cell.

Front 36

_____ ___ need to summate either in time or in space to generate a signal strong enough to generate an AP

Back 36

graded potentials

Front 37

where are unmyelinated fibers more common?

Back 37

smaller nerve fibers in the PNS

Front 38

Caused by an autoimmune inflammatory response that damages the myelin sheath in CNS

Back 38

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

Front 39

Where are common locations for demyelination?

Back 39

-optic nerve
-deep cerebral white matter around ventricles
-cerebellar peduncles
-particular parts of brainstem
-spinal cord

Front 40

What is the common speech deficit with MS patients?

Back 40

dysarthria

Front 41

an inflammatory process that typically begins a week or two after a viral infection

Back 41

Guillain-Barre syndrome

Front 42

The most common form of _______ _______ involved attach and damage of the PNS myelin by infilttrating macrophages

Back 42

Guillain-barre syndrome

Front 43

What happens in guillain-barre syndrome?

Back 43

conduction in proximal parts of the motor nerves is slowed and may be blocked

Front 44

The nerve is a structure on the muscle surface, making contact with the muscle fiber but not fusing with it

Back 44

Peripheral nerve to muscle "neuromuscular" transmission

Front 45

This is a special structural enlargement of the muscle fiber at the synaptic junction

Back 45

Motor endplate

Front 46

What are the 5 essential steps for chemical messaging via synaptic transmission

Back 46

synthesis, packaging, release, binding, termination

Front 47

At the terminal bouton, the AP causes opening of special voltage-gated ______ ______, allowing _____ to rush into the nerve terminal

Back 47

calcium channels, calcium

Front 48

What happens when calcium rushes into the nerve terminal?

Back 48

causes synaptic vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane and release neurotransmitter

Front 49

What is the release of neurotransmitter called?

Back 49

exocytosis

Front 50

Vesicle membranes are also taken back up by________ to be recycled and used for small molecule NT

Back 50

endocytosis

Front 51

depolarization the brings the postsynaptic element close to its threshold for firing an action potential (AP)

Back 51

Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

Front 52

a hyperpolarizing response that moves the membrane away from the threshold

Back 52

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

Front 53

: increases the odds of vesicle exocytosis the next time an AP arrives at the terminal. Brief, high frequency burst of AP

Back 53

Potentiation

Front 54

Depleted vesicle pool decreases the odds of AP. Longer, high freq bursts

Back 54

Depression

Front 55

What is important for learning and memory?

Back 55

long-term potentiation

Front 56

Name the important neurotransmitter and specify if they are inhibitory or excitatory

Back 56

1) Acetylcholine
-PNS--excitatory (neuromuscular junctions and autonomic NS)
--CNS (cholinergic neurons in the brainstem, basal forebrain, basal ganglia) excitatory and inhibitory)

2) Glutamate
-CNS excitatory

3) GABA and glycine
-Inhibitory
-mostly spinal cord (glycine)
-everywhere (GABA)

3) Norepi
-sympathetic ganglia and others

4)Dopamine
-sustantia nigra to striatum (terminal) and others

Front 57

This is a major excitatory NT in the NS

-Pts with seizures experience the effects of abnormal activity in the ______ neurons

Back 57

Glutamate

-glutamatergic

Front 58

_________ is a major inhibitory NT-- these are to inhibit neural firing

i.e. phenobarbitol

Back 58

GABA

Front 59

______ _____ results from decrease in dopamine production in the substantia nigra

-tremor, inability to control movements

Back 59

parkinsons disease

Front 60

an autoimmune disease reaction to postsynaptic receptor protein with involvement of the postsynaptic membranes

-Antibodies interfere with the transmission of acetylcholine leading to reduced availability of AcH at the synapse between nerve and muscle

Back 60

Myesthenia gravis

Front 61

Muscle weakness on sustained effort---often affects speech
-nerves innervating the larynx and plate are sometimes the first to be affected

-breathy and weak voice-- a hypernasel voice may develop after sustained speaking due to soft palate weakness

Back 61

Myesthenia gravis

Front 62

Treatment to reduce the antibodies blocking acetylcholine transmission is effective in reversing the neuromuscular problem

Back 62

Myesthenia gravis

Front 63

usually accompanies the disintegration of the myelin sheath and depends on the Schwann cells or oligodendrocytes

Back 63

Anterograde degeneration

Front 64

characterized by swollen cell bodies, and enlarged nucleus, and the dissolution of endoplasm

Back 64

Retrograde response

Front 65

immediate necrotic degeneration of neurons directly affected by anoxia, physical trauma, or CVA

Back 65

Primary neuronal loss

Front 66

degeneration of neurons that occurs hours, days, or weeks after the primary insult

Back 66

Secondary neuronal loss

Front 67

in the PNS, when a peripheral nerve is either compressed or crushed but not severed and permanently damaged

-growth cones (swellings on the tips of sprouting axons) schwann cells send out processes toward these growth cones

Back 67

Axonal regeneration