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184 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What divides the two cerebral hemispheres?
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Longitudinal Fissure
*Falx cerebri runs through this fissure, containing dorsal sagittal sinus |
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What divides the cerebrum from the cerebellum?
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Transverse Cerebral Fissure
*Tentorium cerebelli runs through this fissure, containing tranverse sinuses |
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What is the cruciate sulcus?
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A small line crossing longitudinal fissure and sits rostral to the more prominent transverse sulcus
*Associated with frontal lobe (motor cortex) |
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What is the raised swelling of gray matter sitting caudal to cruciate sulcus?
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*Post-cruciate Gyrus (caudal-most part of frontal lobe)
*Primary motor cortex |
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What is the raised swelling of gray matter sitting rostral to cruciate sulcus?
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Pre-cruciate Gyrus
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What is the sylvian sulcus?
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*A depression running dorso-caudally from lateral rhinal sulcus into middle of temporal lobe
*Associated with primary auditory cortex |
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What is the depression running rostral to caudal along lateral surface of telencephalon?
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Lateral rhinal sulcus
*Seperates neopallium and paleopallium |
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What is the neopallium?
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*Area located dorsal to lateral rhinal sulcus; unique to mammals
*Includes all lobes of cerebrum |
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What is the paleopallium?
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*Area located ventral to lateral rhinal sulcus
*Consists of cortex of olfactory peduncle (including piriform lobe) |
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Where is the frontal lobe located?
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Rostral to Cruciate Sulcus
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What is the function of the frontal lobe?
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Conscious premotor and motor intent, behavior
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Where is the parietal lobe located?
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*Area located caudal to frontal lobe, about 1/3 of distance to transverse fissure
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What is the function of the parietal lobe?
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*Involved in conscious somatosensory perception (pain, proprioception, touch, temperature), behavior
*Nociception is only considered “pain” when it reaches conscious perception (in cerebrum) |
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Where is the occipital lobe located?
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Located caudal to parietal lobe
*Composed of caudal 1/3 of cerebral hemisphere |
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What is the function of the occipital lobe?
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Conscious sight and sight association, behavior
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Where is the temporal lobe located?
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Located along ventrolateral aspect of cerebrum
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What is the function of the temporal lobe?
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Conscious hearing association, learning/memory, and major behavior area
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What is the pear-shaped portion of paleopallium along ventral surface of telencephalon?
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* Piriform lobe
*Associated with conscious perception of smell |
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What cranial nerve is responsible for conscious perception of smell (SVA) and where does it enter the braincase?
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CN I = olfactory nerve
*Enters braincase via cribriform foramina |
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What is the olfactory bulb?
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* The rostral portion of paleopallium; sits within rostral cranial fossa, against cribriform plate
*Contains axons of CN I traveling towards piriform lobe or hypothalamus |
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What is the stalk-like connection between the cerebral hemisphere & olfactory bulb?
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Olfactory peduncle
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What are the lateral and medial olfactory tracts?
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*Lateral olfactory tract = carries CN I axons from olfactory bulb towards piriform lobe for conscious smell and behavior
*Medial olfactory tract = carries CN I axons from olfactory bulb to hypothalamic region for uncontrollable responses to smell (i.e. salivation, eyes watering, stomach grumbling) *Lateral tract more visible |
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What is the site of passage between lateral ventricles and 3rd ventricle?
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*Interventricular foramen
*Common site of CSF obstruction (because narrowing of path); located just dorsal to rostral commissure |
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Where is the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricles located?
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Located caudally along lateral free edge of crus of fornix
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What is the thin membrane along midline of brain?
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*Septum pellucidum
*Separates left and right lateral ventricles |
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What is the corpus callosum?
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*A large commissure that allows bundles of axons to cross transversely from one side of brain to other
*Allows communication between the 2 hemispheres (neopallium) of the telencephalon |
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What is the limbic system?
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The cerebral structures associated with behavior
Cingulate gyrus + Fornix + Parahippocampal gyrus + Hippocampal gyrus + Subcallosal area + Hippocampal complex |
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What is the cingulate gyrus? What would you see if it was damaged?
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Raised area located dorsal and parallel to corpus callosum
*Damage causes changes in aggression, rage, or mania (rabies virus likes to attack here) |
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What is located between corpus callosum and cingulated gyrus?
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Callosal sulcus
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What is the fornix?
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*Area located ventral and parallel to corpus callosum
*Has bundle of axons that connect hippocampus complex with diencephalon (hypothalamus) and rostral cerebrum |
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What are the three parts of the fornix?
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*Crus of fornix = begins caudally on lateral side of hippocampus gyrus; bundle of white fibers continues rostrodorsally and curves medially to meet along midline
*Body of fornix = where white fibers meet along midline, rostral to hippocampus and dorsal to thalamus (seen ventral to corpus callosum on vertical cross-sections of cerebrum); where the parahippocampal gyrus stops dorsally *Column of fornix = rostroventral extension of fibers that connects to rostral commissure and mammilary body of hypothalamus |
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What is the continuation of the piriform lobe caudally that passes dorsal-medially along its path toward midline and contains neuron cell bodies whose axons travel in fornix?
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Parahippocampal gyrus
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What is the hippocampal gyrus?
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*An internal gyrus located just inside parahippocampal gyrus (in lateral ventricle); follows lateral ventricle along piriform lobe
*Contains neuron cell bodies whose axons travel in fornix |
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Where is the subcallosal area (septal nuclei)?
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Located beneath rostral edge of corpus callosum and fornix, dorsal and rostral to rostral commissure;
*Large nueclei-bulge of grey matter on midline (part of limbic system; behavior) |
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What 3 things make up the hippocampal complex?
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Hippocampal gyrus + parahippocampal gyrus + fornix
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What are basal nuclei?
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*Basal nuclei are part of limbic system (behavior) that controls motor function, and are primarily inhibitory.
*They are all within the brain and provide feedback loops to forebrain for control of motor function *Lentricular and Caudate Nuclei are the two basal nuclei we need to know |
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What and where is the caudate nucleus?
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*Basal Nucleus
*Located closer to midline, medial to internal capsule; composed of medial head and body that curves caudally and ventrally to terminate near the amygdaloid nuclei |
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What and where is the lentricular nucleus?
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Putamen + Pallidum
*Located lateral to internal capsule |
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What is the name for the bundle of axons that serves as only way for info to pass in/out cerebral hemispheres ?
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* Internal Capsule
*Bordered by caudate nucleus medially and lenticular nucleus laterally *Represents the lateral boundary of the diencephalon; forms lateral wall of lateral ventricle |
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What is the only structure connecting cerebral hemisphere with brain stem?
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*Internal Capsule
*Contains neuronal processes projecting from cerebral hemisphere to brain stem and neuronal processes projecting from thalamus to cerebral hemisphere |
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Where is the site of crossing over of smell perception between left and right hemispheres?
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*Rostral commisure
*white matter just ventral to rostral corner of corpus callosum and just ventral to interventricular foramen |
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What cranial nerve is responsible for conscious vision (SSA) and where does it enter the braincase?
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CN II (optic nerve)
*Enters braincase via optic canal and travels along ventral aspect of diencephalon |
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Where is the site of crossover of axons associated with CN II?
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Optic chiasm
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What are optic tracts?
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They extend dorsocaudally from chiasm across lateral surface of diencephalon, to enter lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus
* After optic tract, fibers of sensory neurons continue to specific portions of brain |
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What is the lateral geniculate nucleus (diencephalon)?
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Area associated with conscious vision and menance response
*Axons synapse on interneurons that relay information to the occipital lobe |
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What is the pretectal nucleus (mesencephalon)?
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*Associated with pupillary light reflex
*Axons synapse here on interneurons that synpase in the parasympathetic nuclei of CN 3 on both sides (left/right) of mesencephalon |
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What is the rostral colliculus (mesencephalon)?
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*Associated with sight avoidance/attention reflex
*Axons travel through the brachium of rostral colliculus, then some synapse on neurons that continue down the spinal cord while some continue caudally without synapsing |
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Where is the visual deficit if lesion is before optic chiasm?
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Visual deficit is on same side as lesion
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Where is the visual deficit if lesion is after optic chiasm in conscious visual pathway?
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Visual deficit is on opposite side
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What is the PLR for lesion before optic chiasm?
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*Light shined on same side as lesion does not work (no direct or indirect response)
*Light shined on opposite side does work (direct and indirect) |
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What is the PLR for lesion behind optic chiasm?
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Works (both direct and indirect responses) always
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Where is the hypothalamus located?
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*Located caudal to optic chiasm along median plane
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What functions are the hypothalamus involved with?
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*involved with behavior, ANS control, urination, cardiovascular regulation, appetite, water intake, temperature regulation, sexual behavior
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What are the 3 parts of the hypothalamus?
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*Tuber Cinereum: circular swelling caudal to OX
*Infindibulum: connects hypothalamus to pituitary gland *Mammillary Bodies: part of limbic system; represent the caudal border of hypothalamus |
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What connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?
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Infindibulum
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What is located as a “ring” around the interthalamic adhesion of thalamus?
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3rd Ventricle (surrounds thalamus)
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Where is the choroid plexus of the 3rd ventricle located?
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Located along dorsal roof, dorsal and rostral to pineal gland
*Continuous with choroid plexus of lateral ventricle at the interventricular foramen |
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What is the pineal gland?
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* A caudal projection of diencephalon
*Almost-circular structure located just dorsal to caudal commissure *Involved with secreting melatonin during times of darkness |
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What is the site of synapse of ALL conscious afferent modalities (except smell) ?
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Thalamus- major relay center in brain
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What is the inter-thalamic adhesion?
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The center portion of the gland that connects the 2 expanded bodies/halves
*Surrounded by 3rd ventricle |
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What connects caudal colliculus, part of mesencephalon, to the medial geniculate body?
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Brachium of Caudal Colliculus
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Where is the pretectal area?
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Area located at junction of diencephalon and mesencephalon
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What is the only portion of ventricles that does not contain a chorioid plexus?
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Mesencephalic Aquaduct
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What is the site of origin of UMNs going to muscles of neck for visual avoidance reflex ?
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*Rostral colliculus
*Larger than caudal colliculus |
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What is the site of origin of UMNs going to muscles of neck for sound avoidance reflex?
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*Caudal colliculus
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What is the connection between medial geniculate body and caudal colliculus?
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Brachium of Caudal Colliculus
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What is the connection between the lateral geniculate body and pretectal area of rostral colliculus?
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Brachium of Rostral Colliculus
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Name given to everything ventral to mesencephalic aqueduct?
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Tegmentum (Contains LMNs of CNN III and IV; UMN centers)
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What is the crus cerebri ?
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*Longitudinal axons of UMNs whose cell bodies live in frontal lobe
*Contain descending tracts from frontal lobe that are destined to synapse on fibers in transverse pontine fibers to either continue caudally to spinal cord or continue laterally to cerebellum *Located lateral to CN III |
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What cranial nerve is responsible for motor innervation (GSE) of eye mm. (levator palpebrae superioris, dorsal rectus, medial rectus, ventral rectus, ventral oblique mm.) and parasympathetic motor innervation (GVE) to iris constrictor muscles? Where does it exit the braincase?
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*CN III (Occulomoter nerve)
*Exits braincase via orbital fissure |
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What signs would you see if CN III was damaged?
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*ptosis
*ventrolateral strabismus *mydriasis (dilated pupil) |
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What cranial nerve is responsible for motor innervation (GSE) to dorsal oblique m. and where does it exit the braincase?
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CN IX (Trochlear Nerve)
*Exits braincase via orbital fissure |
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What is the thin channel connecting the 3rd and 4th ventricles?
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Mesencephalic aqueduct
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What is the location of the tegmentum of the pons?
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Located ventral to 4th ventricle (contains LMNs of CN V and 1 important UMN center)
*No tectum in pons |
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What cranial nerve is responsible for sensory (GSA) to most of head, motor innervation (GSE) to mm. of mastication and where does it exit the braincase?
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*CN V (Trigimenal Nerve)
*Exits brain case via orbital fissure (ophthalmic n.), rostral alar foramen (maxillary n.) and oval foramen (mandibular n.); |
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What is the middle cerebellar peduncle?
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* A continuation of UMNs into cerebellum, dorsal to the level of CN V
*Carries UMNs and interneurons into cerebellum with motor intent info from frontal lobe |
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What are transverse pontine fibers?
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*Axon bundle along ventral aspect of pons (continuation of axons from crus cerebri)
*Carry motor info from frontal lobe to cerebellum |
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What is the rostral medullary velum?
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*The dorsal root of 4th ventricle (extends between caudal colliculus of mesencephalon and midventral surface of cerebellum)
*Contains decussation of CN IV |
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What connects the pons and cerebellum?
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Cerebellar Peduncles
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What cranial nerve is responsible for motor innervation (GSE) to lateral rectus and retractor bulbi mm. and where does it exit the braincase?
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*CN XI - Abducent Nerve
*Exits braincase via orbital fissure |
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What would you see if CN XI was damaged?
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medial strabismus
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What cranial nerve is responsible for motor innervation (GSE) of mm. of facial expression; parasympathetic motor innervation (GVE) to lacrimal gland, mandibular salivary gland, and sublingual salivary gland; sensory (GSA) innervation to inner pinna of ear; taste sensation (SVA) to rostral 2/3 of tongue? Where does originate and exit the braincase?
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*CN VII (Facial N.)
*Originates at lateral ventral medulla, at end of trapezoid body, and just caudal to CN V *Exits braincase via stylomastoid foramen |
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What signs would you see if cranial nerve VII was damaged?
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*Inability to close eye
*Ptosis *Loss of reflexes *Drooped ear *Drooped lip and lip commissures *Deviation of nose (towards the normal side) *Loss of lacrimation in eye |
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What cranial nerve is responsible for conscious audition (SSA) and spatial orientation (GP) of head, body, and eyes?
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CN VIII
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Where does CN VIII originate?
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*Originates along ventrolateral medulla; travels in internal acoustic meatus (never exits braincase)
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What is the vestibular trigone?
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*Triangular shaped bulb in the wall of 4th ventricle - Contains fiber axons associated with the vestibular branch
*Located caudomedial to cerebellar peduncle, on dorsal surface of medulla |
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What is the cochlear nuclei?
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*Receives fibers from cochlear branch of CN VIII. From nucleus, fibers stop in numerous interneuron centers in myelencephalon, metencephalon, mesencephalon, and diencephalon on the way to temporal lobe for conscious hearing
*Located directly caudal to cerebellar peduncle and lateral to vestibular trigone |
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What signs would you see if you damaged CN VIII?
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*Partial or complete hearing deficits
*Vestibular signs: circling, nystagmus, ataxia, loss of equilibrium, head tilt, falling, lateral strabismus (not static) |
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What is the obex?
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area where open 4th ventricle enters closed 4th ventricle
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What is the central canal?
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continuation of closed part of 4th ventricle into spinal cord
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What is the cerebellomedullary cistern (cisterna magna)?
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Area dorsal to medulla, ventral to cerebellum; can get CSF from here
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What is the most lateral part of each cerebellar hemisphere?
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Flocculus
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What cranial nerve is responsible for motor innervation (GSE) to pharyngeal mm., parasymp motor innervation (GVE) to parotid & zygomatic salivary glands, sensory (GSA) to pharyngeal mucosa, taste (SVA) to caudal 1/3 of tongue?
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Cranial Nerve IX (glossopharyngeal nerve)
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Where does CN IX originate and exit the braincase?
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•Originates on lateral medulla, near to CNs X and XI
*Exits brain case via tympano-occipital fissure |
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What signs would you see if CN IX was damaged?
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*Dysphagia
*Regurgitation of undigested food *Food blown back through nose *Loss of gag reflex |
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What cranial nerve is responsible for motor and sensory innervation (GSE, GSA) to pharynx, larynx, trachea, and esophagus; parasympathetic motor innervation (GVE) to thoracic and abdominal visceral structures; taste (SVA) to pharynx, epiglottis, and larynx?
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CN X Vagus N.
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Where does the vagus nerve originate and exit the braincase?
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*Originates on lateral medulla, near CNs IX and XI
*Exits braincase via tympano-occipital fissure |
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What signs would you see if CN X was damaged?
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*Dysphagia
*Vomiting *Cough *Food blown back through nose *Dysphonia (roaring) *GI upset *Cardiovascular disturbance *Dyspnea *Megaesophagus |
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What cranial nerve is responsible for motor innervation (GSE) to trapezius, sternocephalicus, brachiocephalicus mm.?
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CN XI (Accessory Nerve)
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Where does CN XI originate and exit the braincase?
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*Originates on lateral medulla, near to CNs IX and X
*Exits braincase via tympano-occipital fissure |
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What cranial nerve is responsible for motor innervation (GSE) of intrinsic and extrinsic mm. of tongue?
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CN XII (hypoglossal nerve)
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Where does CN XII originate and exit the braincase?
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*Originates on ventral surface of medulla, just off midline (in line with CNs III and VI)
*Exits braincase via hypoglossal canal |
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What signs would you see if CN XII was damaged?
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*Atrophy of tongue mm.
*Loss of tongue tone *Swallowing difficulty *Lateral deviation of tongue (unilateral) |
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What is the trapezoid body?
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*Most rostral part of ventral myelencephalon, sitting just caudal to transverse pontine fibers
*Contains auditory axons crossing from contralateral cochlear nucleus *Continuous with vestibulochochlear n. and cochlear nuclei on lateral side of myelencephalon |
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What are the pyramids?
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*Two bundles of axons running rostral to caudal along ventral midline of myelencephalon
*Contains axons from UMNs in the frontal lobe; UMN tracts cross over and continue down the spinal cord *Important for skilled motor control of appendages |
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What is the rhomboid fossa?
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Ventral floor of 4th ventricle
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Where is the choroid plexus of the 4th ventricle located?
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Only along caudal portion
*Dorsal to myelencephalon and ventral to cerebellum |
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What is the name of the dorsal roof of 4th ventricle?
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*Caudal medullary velum
*Extends between caudal cerebellar peduncle and obex |
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What is the opening in the caudal medullary velum where CSF fluid flows into the subarachnoid space?
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*Lateral Aperture
*Located at level of CN VIII |
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What is the name given to the area where open 4th ventricle meets closed 4th ventricle?
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Obex
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What is the cerebellomedullary cistern (cisterna magna)?
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*Asheet of arachnoid mater extending caudoventrally between cerebellum and myelencephalon
*Forms well of expanded subarachnoid space used for CSF collection |
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What is the vermis of the cerebellum?
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The large portion located along midline
*Sits directly dorsal to 4th ventricle |
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What projects laterally from the vermis of the cerebellum?
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Lateral hemispheres
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What is the flocculonodular lobe?
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*Lobe of the cerebellum associated with balance and equilibrium
*Flocculus = lateral portion of lobe; located more rostral than nodulus *Nodulus = midline (internal) portion of lobe |
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What is the dorsal-ventral separation that divides cerebellum into rostral 1/3 and caudal 2/3 portions?
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Primary fissure
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What is the rostral lobe of the cerebellum?
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*Portion of cerebellum sitting rostral to primary fissure
*Only associated with vermis *Involved in motor control of trunk musculature |
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What is the caudal lobe of the cerebellum?
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*Portion of cerebellum sitting caudal to primary fissure
*Associated with lateral hemispheres *Involved in fine motor control of appendages |
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What are the cerebellar peduncles?
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*Middle, caudal, rostral (named for where they attach to dorsal brain stem at metencephalon)
*Carry axons: UMNs from frontal lobe, proprioception fibers, efferent axons out to body (UMNs that synapse at centers in mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon) |
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Which meninge is the thickest, most external layer?
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*Dura Mater
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What is the falx cerebri?
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* A c-shapred ventral extension of dura mater along midline of brain that serves to stabilize and protect the hemispheres
*Extends within longitudinal fissure *Contains the dorsal sagittal sinus *Attaches to ethmoid bone rostrally and tentorium ossium caudally |
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What is the tentorium cerebelli?
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*A paired extension of dura mater that extends transversely in transverse fissure
*It runs between hemispheres and cerebellum (extends ventrolaterally) *Attaches to tentorium ossium and petrous bone |
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What is the tentorial incisure?
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natural ventral gap for passage of brainstem
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Where is the site of drainage for venous sinuses from dorsal brain?
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Where the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli fuse along midline
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What bridges the hypophyseal fossa and separates the pituitary from rest of brain?
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*Diaphragm sellae
*Contains small hole for passage of infundibulum of pituitary gland |
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Where are the dura mater and periosteum fused?
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Inside the cranial caity
*Throughout most of the vertebral canal the dura is seperated by the epidural space |
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What is the fold of dura mater found extending ventrally from the midline in the longitudinal cerebral fissure?
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*Falx cerebri
(contains the dorsal sagittal sinus) |
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What is the space between the pia mater and the arachnoid?
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The subarachnoid space, which is filled with CSF that surrounds the CNS
*In embalmed specimens, the arachnoid breaks free from the dura mater and collapes onto the pia of the CNS |
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Where would puncture a needle to get CSF from the cerebellomedullary cistern?
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Needle puncture through the atlanto-occipital membrane
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What are leptomeninges?
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A layer of closely adhered pia mater and arachnoid mater that forms due to collapse of arachnoid mater post-mortem (due to decrease in CSF pressure)
*Contains blood vessels entrapped between the layers |
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What is the production/flow of CSF in the brain?
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*Lateral ventricles (choroid plexus located caudally)*Interventricular foramen
*3rd ventricle (choroid plexus located dorsally) *Mesencephalic aqueduct *4th ventricle (choroid plexus located caudally) *Lateral aperatures *Subarachnoid space (including the cisternum magna) |
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What is a choroid plexus?
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A compact mass of pia, blood vessels, ependyma
*Involved in passive and active secretion of CSF into ventricular system |
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How is CSF different from plasma?
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*CSF is an ultrafiltrate of plasma
*Less protein and no/fewer cells in CSF |
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Where is the site where CSF flows back into venous system?
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*Arachnoid villi
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What is the term for excess CSF in braincase, accumulated in either the ventricles or the subarachnoid space?
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Hydrocephalus
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What are the two types of hydrocephalus?
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*Communicating and Non-communicating
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What is non-communicating hydrocephalus?
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*Excess CSF within the VENTRICULAR system, due to an OBSTRUCTION of FLOW
*Commonly seen at interventricular foramen, mesencephalic aqueduct, lateral apertures *Can be developed or acquired |
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What is communicating hydrocephalus?
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*CSF flows freely through ventricular system, but there is an OBSTRUCTION of ABSORPTION
*Both ventricular system and sub-arachnoid spaces are enlarged |
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What arterial branches primarily supply the superficial white matter and meninges of the spinal cord?
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*Spinal rami
(branches that enter at each intervertebral foramen) *Supplied by vertebral a. (cervical region), intercostal aa. (thoracic region), lumbar aa. (lumbar region) |
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What arterial branch supplies the deeper gray matter of the spinal cord?
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*Ventral spinal a.
(caudal continuation of vertebral a.) *Single artery that runs longitudinally along ventral midline *Sends branch into ventral median fissure; supplies the deeper gray matter |
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What does the vertebral artery branch into once it has ran cranially through the lateral vertebral foramen?
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*In canine/equine
Rostral branch = Basilar a. Caudal branch = Ventral spinal a. *In ruminants, vertebral a. doesn’t branch to supply the basilar a. |
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What artery serves as the main blood supply to brain stem?
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*Basilar a.
(continues rostrally along ventral midline of brainstem and into cranial cavity via foramen magnum) |
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What is the branch of basilar a. that runs laterally across caudal portion of ventral medulla and enters cerebellum; supplies caudal cerebellum?
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*Caudal cerebellar a
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How does blood flow into the braincase?
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*In dog/horses, blood flows rostrally into braincase (vertebral a. supplies basilar a.)
*In ruminants, blood flows caudally from braincase (basilar a. supplies ventral spinal a.) |
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What is the rete mirable? Whats its main blood supply?
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Network of arteries that surround the pituitary
*Maxillary a. is main blood supply to rete mirable, which is main supply to internal carotid a. |
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Left and right internal carotid aa. split and form what around the pituitary gland?
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Cerebral arterial circle
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Where does the rostral cerebelar a. leave the cerebelar arterial circle and what does it supply?
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*Leaves rostral aspect of circle and dives deep between hemispheres
*Supplies deep rostral parts of hemispheres |
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Where does the middle cerebelar a. leave the cerebelar arterial circle and what does it supply?
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*Leaves laterally and runs superficially over temporal lobe
*Largest branch that supplies most of hemispheres |
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Where does the caudal cerebelar a. leave the cerebelar arterial circle and what does it supply?
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*Leaves just rostral to CN III; dives deep between piriform and crus cerebri and runs into cerebral hemisphere
*Supplies deep caudal part of hemispheres |
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Where does the rostral cerebellar a. leave the cerebelar arterial circle and what does it supply?
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*Branches from circle and runs deep along with caudal cerebral a. between piriform and crus cerebri; enters cerebellum;
*Supplies rostral cerebellum |
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What are the three venous sinuses responsible for blood return from the brain?
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1. Dorsal sagittal sinus
2. Transverse sinus 3. Ventral sinus |
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Where is the dorsal sagittal sinus located and where does the blood flow?
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*Contained in falx cerebri, along dorsal midline of cerebral hemispheres
*Blood collects in here and flows caudally towards occipital bone |
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Where is the transverse sinus located and where does the blood flow?
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*Forms a “T” where its paired structures extend ventrolaterally from anatomose with dorsal sagittal sinus; located in tentorium cerebelli for part of path
*Blood collects in here and flows caudally towards occipital bone |
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Where is the ventral sinus located?
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located around ventral aspect of brain, around pituitary gland
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What is the name for the tapering of the caudal spinal cord as it nears its termination?
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*Conus medullaris
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What is the cauda equina?
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*Caudally-running nerve roots that form as last 10 spinal nn. (last 15 in equine) must extend further caudally alongside the tapering spinal cord towards their foramen
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Where are C1,C2 vertebrae?
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in C1 vertebrae
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Where are C3-T11 vertebrae?
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in vertebra one number less (i.e. C3 cord segment in C2 vert; T8 segment in T7 vert)
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Where are T12-L2 vertebrae?
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in vertebrae of same number
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Where are L3,L4 vertebrae?
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in L3 vertebrae
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Where are L5,L6 vertebrae?
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in L4 vertebra
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Where are L5,L6,L7 vertebrae?
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in L4 vertebra
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Where are S1-S3 vertebrae?
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in L5 vertebrae
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Where are Cd1-5 vertebrae?
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in L6 vertebrae
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What is the filum terminale?
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*Caudal extension of fused pia and aracnoid mater at termination of spinal cord
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What anchors the spinal cord caudally?
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*Caudal ligament
(fusion of filum terminale with dura mater, at about 1-2 inches past spinal cord termination) |
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Where would you insert a needle to collect CSF from the lumbar region in large animals?
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Insert needle at lumbosacral space (L6/S1)
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Where would you insert a needle to collect CSF from the lumbar region in a dog?
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insert needle at L5/L6
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Where would you give a large animal an epidural?
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*Inject at tail head, at 1st movable jt (aiming for S5/Cd1, but could also be at Cd1/Cd2)
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Where would you give a dog an epidural?
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Inject at lumbosacral space (L7/S1)
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FNX: Frontal lobe
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Behavior
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FXN: Temporal lobe
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Behavior, hearing, and balance
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FXN: Occipital lobe
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Vision
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FXN: Olfactory bulb, peduncle, tract, piriform lobe
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Smell
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FXN:Transverse pontine fibers
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Pathway from cerebrum to cerebellum
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FXN: Rostral and Middle cerebellar peduncle
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Pathway from cerebellum to brainstem and cerebrum
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FXN: Caudal cerebellar peduncle
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Pathway from spinal cord and medulla with vestibular proprioceptive systems to cerebellum
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FXN: Mamillary bodies
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Limbic system (behavior)
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FXN:Crus cerebri
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Pathway from cerebrum to brain stem and spinal cord-- UMN, and from cerebrum to cerebellum via pans
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FXN: Internal capsule
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Pathway between cerebrum to brain stem--UMN and thalamocortical projections--sensory and motor, and from cerebrum to cerebellum via pons
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FXN: Hypothalamus
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Visceral functions, ANS, limbic system, and pituitary control
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FXN: Lateral geniculate nucleus
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Visual system (conscious perception)
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FXN: Rostral colliculus
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Visual system-reflexes
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FXN: Medual geniculate nucleus
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Auditory system-conscious perception
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FXN: Caudal colliculus
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Auditory system-conscious perception and reflexes
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