Neuro Memorize

Front 1

Blood supply of thalamus

Back 1

posterior communicating, posterior cerebral, anterior choroidal arteries (ICA)

Front 2

OVLT

Back 2

are in brain that doesn't have BBB and senses osmotic level of fluids

Front 3

Deep nuclei of cerebellum

Back 3

(lateral to medial): dentate, emboliform, globose, fastigial

Front 4

Neurons of the cerebellum

Back 4

Climbing: excitatory (aspartate) input to Purkinje neurons. Purkinje: inhibitory (GABA) input to deep nuclei. Mossy fibers: excitatory (glutamate) input to granule cells

Front 5

Huntington Neuron death MOA

Back 5

neuronal death via NMDA-R mediated glutamate excitotoxicity

Hint 5

Tx: haloperidol, reserpine (VMATi) + tetrabenazine (VMATi)

Front 6

Paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF) damage

Back 6

Eyes look away from side of lesion and loss of horizontal saccades towards side of lesion

Front 7

Frontal eye fields damage

Back 7

Eyes look toward lesion

Front 8

Innervation of larynx

Back 8

Recurrent laryngeal: all laryngeal muscles except cricothyroid (external branch of superior laryngeal) and sensory below vocal cords

Hint 8

Internal branch of superior laryngeal: sensory above the vocal cords

Front 9

Superior quandrantanopia + sensory aphasia

Back 9

due to damage to contralateral temporal lobe that houses meyer's loop as well as Wernicke's area

Front 10

Lateral medullary syndrome

Back 10

damage to PICA, nuclei: IX, X, XI, XII

Hint 10

causes contralateral loss of pain and temp, ipsilateral dysphagia, hoarseness, decreased gag reflex, ipsilateral Horner's

Front 11

Lateral inferior pontine syndrome

Back 11

damage to AICA, nuclei: V, VI, VII, VIII

Hint 11

ipsilateral facial paralysis, ipsilateral cochlear nucleus, nystagmus, ipsilateral dystaxia (MCP, ICP)

Front 12

Upper leg and upper arm weakness

Back 12

watershed in infarct of anterior cerebral and middle cerebral arteries

Front 13

Irreversible brain damage histology

Back 13

red neurons (12-48h), necrosis + neutrophils (24-72h), macrophages (3-5 days), reactive gliosis + vascular proliferation (1-2 wks), glial scar (>2 wks)

Front 14

Somatotopic organization of tracts

Back 14

Dorsal column: feet are medial, legs are lateral. Spinothalamic: feet are lateral, arms are medial. Corticospinal: feet are lateral, arms are medial

Front 15

CSF of poliomyelitis

Back 15

lymphocytic pleocytosis w/ slight elevation of protein and no change in CSF glucose

Front 16

Friedreich's ataxia pathogenesis and clinical

Back 16

AR trinucleotide GAA repeat in chromosome 9 leads to dysfunction of mitochondria and degeneration of the DRG, posterior columns, spinocerebellar tract, and lateral corticospinal tract

Hint 16

Clinical: staggering gait, frequent falling, nystagmus, pes cavus, kyphoscoliosis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (MC COD)

Front 17

Oculosympathetic pathway

Back 17

projects from the hypothalamus to the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord, then to the superior cervical ganglion, and finally to the pupil, eyelids, and sweat glands

Hint 17

lesion anywhere along this chain leads to Horner's syndrome

Front 18

Cranial nerve nuclei

Back 18

Midbrain (III, IV), pons (V, VI, VII, VIII), medulla (IX, X, XI, XII)

Front 19

Vagal nuclei

Back 19

nucleus solitarius (visceral sensory information like taste, baroreceptors, gut distention from CN VII, IX, X), nucleus ambiguus (motor innervation of pharynx, larynx, and upper esophagus from CN IX, X, XI)

Hint 19

Dorsal motor nucleus: sends autonomic (parasympathetic) fibers to heart, lungs, and upper GI

Front 20

Lesion to CN V effect on jaw

Back 20

Jaw deviates towards side of lesion

Front 21

Facial lesions

Back 21

UMN lesion: contralateral paralysis of lower face only. LMN lesion: contralateral of upper and lower face

Front 22

Bell's palsy etiologies

Back 22

Lyme, Tumors, Diabetes, AIDS, Sarcoidosis, HSV (LT DASH)

Front 23

Endolymph is made by...

Back 23

stria vascularis. It is high in K+ and low in Na+

Front 24

Detection of acceleration

Back 24

Utricle (horizontal) and saccule (vertical) contain macular which help in detection of linear acceleration

Hint 24

Semicircular canals contain ampullae and detect angular acceleration

Front 25

Near vision

Back 25

ciliary muscle contracts, allowing zonular fibers to relax, lens to relax, and lens to become more convex

Front 26

Far vision

Back 26

Ciliary muscle relaxes, causing zonular fibers to contract, lens to tighten and become flatter

Front 27

Flexner-Wintersteiner rosettes

Back 27

Retinoblastoma

Front 28

Pathway of miosis and mydriasis

Back 28

Miosis: CNIII from Edinger-Westphal nucleus -> ciliary ganglion (synapses) -> eye

Hint 28

Mydriasis: T1 preganglionic sympathetic -> superior cervical ganglion -> postganglionic sympathetics -> long ciliary nerve (passes through ciliary ganglion but doesn't synapse) -> eye

Front 29

Vestibular apparatus and response to cold and hot water

Back 29

Cold water: nystagmus towards same side w/ quick phase to opposite side

Hint 29

Warm water: nystagmus towards opposite side w/ quick phase to same side

Front 30

MS and HLA associations

Back 30

HLADR2, HLADW2

Front 31

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)

Back 31

demyelination of CNS due to destruction of oligodendocytes

Hint 31

giant oligodendrocytes w/ intracytoplasmic inclusions

Front 32

Migraine pain pathophysiology

Back 32

Irritation of CN V and release of substance P, Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and vasoactive peptides

Front 33

Gyroform "tramline" intracranial calcifications

Back 33

Sturge-Weber syndrome

Front 34

Consequences of uncal herniation

Back 34

Stretching of CN III, compression of ipsilateral posterior cerebral artery (contralateral hemianopia), compression of contralateral crus cerebri (ipsilateral hemiparesis), caudal displacement of brain stem leading to duret hemorrhages

Front 35

Latanoprost

Back 35

used to decrease outflow of aqueous humor in glaucoma

Hint 35

S/E: darkens color of iris

Front 36

Opioids used to treat diarrhea

Back 36

loperamide, diphenoxylate

Front 37

Tramadol

Back 37

very weak opioid agonist, also inhibits 5-HT and NE reuptake

Hint 37

S/E: decreases seizure threshold

Front 38

Pseudolymphoma

Back 38

phenytoin side effect

Front 39

Anesthetics that increased cerebral blood flow

Back 39

inhaled anesthetics (halothane, etc.), Arylcyclohexylamines (ketamine)

Front 40

Anesthetics that decrease cerebral blood flow

Back 40

Barbiturates (phenobarbitol)

Front 41

Order of nerve blockade

Back 41

small-myelinated > Small unmyelinated > large myelinated > large unmyelinated

Front 42

Bupivicaine

Back 42

severe cardiovascular toxicity

Front 43

Treatment for AD

Back 43

Memantine (NMDA receptor antagonist) and Donepezil/galantamine/rivastigmine (AChEi)